Golf Club Head or Other Ball Striking Device Having Impact-Influencing Body Features

ABSTRACT

A ball striking device, such as a golf club head, has a face with a striking surface configured for striking a ball, a body connected to the face and extending rearwardly from the face, the body having a crown, a sole, a heel, and a toe, a void defined on the sole of the body, and at least one external rib is positioned within the void. A ratio of cross-sectional area moment of inertia Ix-x with and without the at least one external rib is greater than a ratio of cross-sectional area moment of inertia Iz-z with and without the at least one external rib when measured at a location defined by a distance from a forward most edge of the golf club head measuring 60 percent of a breadth dimension.

This application claims priority to Provisional Application, U.S. Ser.No. 62/015,237, filed Jun. 20, 2014, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates generally to golf club heads and other ballstriking devices that include impact influencing body features. Certainaspects of this invention relate to golf club heads and other ballstriking devices that have one or more of a compression channelextending across at least a portion of the sole, a void within the sole,and internal and/or external ribs.

BACKGROUND

Golf clubs and many other ball striking devices may have various faceand body features, as well as other characteristics that can influencethe use and performance of the device. For example, users may wish tohave improved impact properties, such as increased coefficient ofrestitution (COR) in the face, increased size of the area of greatestresponse or COR (also known as the “hot zone”) of the face, and/orimproved efficiency of the golf ball on impact. A significant portion ofthe energy loss during an impact of a golf club head with a golf ball isa result of energy loss in the deformation of the golf ball, andreducing deformation of the golf ball during impact may increase energytransfer and velocity of the golf ball after impact. The present devicesand methods are provided to address at least some of these problems andother problems, and to provide advantages and aspects not provided byprior ball striking devices. A full discussion of the features andadvantages of the present invention is deferred to the followingdetailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The following presents a general summary of aspects of the invention inorder to provide a basic understanding of the invention. This summary isnot an extensive overview of the invention. It is not intended toidentify key or critical elements of the invention or to delineate thescope of the invention. The following summary merely presents someconcepts of the invention in a general form as a prelude to the moredetailed description provided below.

Aspects of the disclosure relate to a ball striking device, such as agolf club head, having a face with a striking surface configured forstriking a ball, a channel extending across a portion of the sole,wherein the channel is recessed from adjacent surfaces of the sole, avoid defined on the sole of the body, and/or at least one external ribconnected to the cover and extending downward from the cover.

According to one aspect, the channel has a width defined in a front torear direction and a depth of recession from the adjacent surfaces ofthe sole, and the channel has a center portion extending across a centerof the sole, a heel portion extending from a heel end of the centerportion toward the heel, and a toe portion extending from a toe end ofthe center portion toward the toe. At least one of the width and thedepth of the channel is greater at the heel portion and the toe portionthan at the center portion. The wall thickness of the channel may differin the center portion, the heel portion, and/or the toe portion.

According to another aspect, the body may have a first leg and a secondleg extending rearwardly from a base portion of the body, with the voidbeing defined between the first and second legs, and a cover extendingbetween the first and second legs and defining a top of the void.

According to a further aspect, the ribs include a first external rib anda second external rib, and the external ribs are positioned within thevoid. The club head may additionally include one or more internal ribs.

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a golf club or other ballstriking device including a head or other ball striking device asdescribed above and a shaft connected to the head/device and configuredfor gripping by a user. Aspects of the disclosure relate to a set ofgolf clubs including at least one golf club as described above. Yetadditional aspects of the disclosure relate to a method formanufacturing a ball striking device as described above, includingassembling a head as described above and/or connecting a handle or shaftto the head.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing description taken in conjunction with the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To allow for a more full understanding of the present invention, it willnow be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a front view of one embodiment of a golf club with a golf clubhead according to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of a golfdriver;

FIG. 1A is a bottom right rear perspective view of the golf club head ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 2 is a front view of the club head of FIG. 1, showing a groundplane origin point;

FIG. 3 is a front view of the club head of FIG. 1, showing a hoselorigin point;

FIG. 4 is a top view of the club head of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a front view of the club head of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a side view of the club head of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6A is a cross-section view taken along line 6A-6A of FIG. 6;

FIG. 7 is a cross-section view taken along line 7-7 of FIGS. 5 and 8,with a magnified portion also shown;

FIG. 7A is a magnified view of a portion of the club head of FIG. 7;

FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the club head of FIG. 1;

FIG. 8A is another bottom view with cross-sections of the club head ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 9A is a cross-section view taken along line 9A-9A of FIG. 8;

FIG. 9B is a cross-section view taken along line 9B-9B of FIG. 8;

FIG. 9C is a cross-section view taken along line 9C-9C of FIG. 8;

FIG. 9D is an area cross-section view taken along line 9D-9D of FIG. 8;

FIG. 9E is an area cross-section view taken along line 9E-9E of FIG. 8;

FIG. 9F is an area cross-section view taken along line 9F-9F of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10A is a cross-section view taken along line 10A-10A of FIGS. 5 and8;

FIG. 10B is a cross-section view taken along line 10B-10B of FIGS. 5 and8;

FIG. 10C is a cross-section view taken along line 10C-10C of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10D is a cross-section view taken along line 10D-10D of FIG. 8;

FIG. 11A is a front left perspective view of the club head of FIG. 1,with a portion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 11B is a top left perspective view of the club head of FIG. 1, witha portion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 11C is a bottom left perspective view of the club head of FIG. 1,with a portion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 11D is a cross-section view of another embodiment of a golf clubhead according to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of a golfdriver;

FIG. 11E is a cross-section view of another embodiment of a golf clubhead according to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of a golfdriver;

FIG. 12 is a front left perspective view of the club head of FIG. 1,with a portion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 13 is a rear left perspective view of the club head of FIG. 1, witha portion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 14 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment of a golfclub head according to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of a golfdriver;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the club head of FIG. 14, in anassembled state;

FIG. 16 is a left rear perspective view of the club head of FIG. 14,with a sole piece removed;

FIG. 17 is a cross-section view taken along line 17-17 of FIG. 16;

FIG. 18 is a bottom view of the sole piece of the club head of FIG. 14;

FIG. 19 is a rear view of the sole piece of FIG. 18;

FIG. 20 is an exploded view of a weight of the club head of FIG. 14;

FIG. 21 is a bottom left perspective view of another embodiment of agolf club head according to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of afairway wood golf club head;

FIG. 22 is a front view of the club head of FIG. 21;

FIG. 23 is a side view of the club head of FIG. 21;

FIG. 24 is a bottom view of the club head of FIG. 21;

FIG. 25A is a cross-section view taken along line 25A-25A of FIG. 24;

FIG. 25B is a cross-section view taken along line 25B-25B of FIG. 24;

FIG. 25C is a cross-section view taken along line 25C-25C of FIG. 24;

FIG. 25D is an area cross-section view taken along line 25D-25D of FIG.24;

FIG. 25E is an area cross-section view taken along line 25E-25E of FIG.24;

FIG. 25F is an area cross-section view taken along line 25F-25F of FIG.24;

FIG. 26A is a front perspective view of the club head of FIG. 24, with aportion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 26B is a front perspective view of the club head of FIG. 24, with aportion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 26C is a front perspective view of the club head of FIG. 24, with aportion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 26D is a front perspective view of the club head of FIG. 24, with aportion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 27 is a bottom left perspective view of another embodiment of agolf club head according to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of ahybrid golf club head;

FIG. 28 is a front view of the club head of FIG. 27;

FIG. 29 is a side view of the club head of FIG. 27;

FIG. 30 is a bottom view of the club head of FIG. 27;

FIG. 31A is a cross-section view taken along line 31A-31A of FIG. 30;

FIG. 31B is a cross-section view taken along line 31B-31B of FIG. 30;

FIG. 31C is a cross-section view taken along line 31C-31C of FIG. 30;

FIG. 31D is an area cross-section view taken along line 31D-31D of FIG.30;

FIG. 31E is an area cross-section view taken along line 31E-31E of FIG.30;

FIG. 31F is an area cross-section view taken along line 31F-31F of FIG.30;

FIG. 32 is a front perspective view of the club head of FIG. 27, with aportion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 33 is a front perspective view of the club head of FIG. 27, with aportion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 34A is a bottom right rear perspective view of another embodimentof a golf club head according to aspects of the disclosure, in the formof a golf driver;

FIG. 34B is a top left perspective view of the club head of FIG. 34A,with a portion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 35 is a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club headaccording to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of a driver golfclub head;

FIG. 36 is a bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club headaccording to aspects of the disclosure, in the form of a fairway woodgolf club head;

FIG. 37A is an area cross-section view taken along line 37A-37A of FIG.36;

FIG. 37B is an area cross-section view taken along line 37B-37B of FIG.36;

FIG. 37C is an area cross-section view taken along line 37C-37C of FIG.36;

FIG. 37D is a side perspective view of a golf club head of FIG. 36 witha portion removed to show internal detail;

FIG. 37E is a cross-section view of the golf club of FIG. 36;

FIG. 37F is another cross-section view of the golf club of FIG. 36;

FIG. 38 bottom view of another embodiment of a golf club head accordingto aspects of the disclosure, in the form of a hybrid golf club head;

FIG. 39A is an area cross-section view taken along line 39A-39A of FIG.38;

FIG. 39B is an area cross-section view taken along line 39B-39B of FIG.38; and

FIG. 39C is an area cross-section view taken along line 39C-39C of FIG.38.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of various example structures according tothe invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, whichform a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustrationvarious example devices, systems, and environments in which aspects ofthe invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that otherspecific arrangements of parts, example devices, systems, andenvironments may be utilized and structural and functional modificationsmay be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.Also, while the terms “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “back,” “side,” “rear,”and the like may be used in this specification to describe variousexample features and elements of the invention, these terms are usedherein as a matter of convenience, e.g., based on the exampleorientations shown in the figures or the orientation during typical use.Additionally, the term “plurality,” as used herein, indicates any numbergreater than one, either disjunctively or conjunctively, as necessary,up to an infinite number. Nothing in this specification should beconstrued as requiring a specific three dimensional orientation ofstructures in order to fall within the scope of this invention. Also,the reader is advised that the attached drawings are not necessarilydrawn to scale.

The following terms are used in this specification, and unless otherwisenoted or clear from the context, these terms have the meanings providedbelow.

“Ball striking device” means any device constructed and designed tostrike a ball or other similar objects (such as a hockey puck). Inaddition to generically encompassing “ball striking heads,” which aredescribed in more detail below, examples of “ball striking devices”include, but are not limited to: golf clubs, putters, croquet mallets,polo mallets, baseball or softball bats, cricket bats, tennis rackets,badminton rackets, field hockey sticks, ice hockey sticks, and the like.

“Ball striking head” (or “head”) means the portion of a “ball strikingdevice” that includes and is located immediately adjacent (optionallysurrounding) the portion of the ball striking device designed to contactthe ball (or other object) in use. In some examples, such as many golfclubs and putters, the ball striking head may be a separate andindependent entity from any shaft member, and it may be attached to theshaft in some manner.

The terms “shaft” or “handle” include the portion of a ball strikingdevice (if any) that the user holds during a swing of a ball strikingdevice.

“Integral joining technique” means a technique for joining two pieces sothat the two pieces effectively become a single, integral piece,including, but not limited to, irreversible joining techniques, such asadhesively joining, cementing, welding, brazing, soldering, or the like,where separation of the joined pieces cannot be accomplished withoutstructural damage thereto.

“Generally parallel” means that a first line, segment, plane, edge,surface, etc. is approximately (in this instance, within 5%) equidistantfrom with another line, plane, edge, surface, etc., over at least 50% ofthe length of the first line, segment, plane, edge, surface, etc.

In general, aspects of this invention relate to ball striking devices,such as golf club heads, golf clubs, and the like. Such ball strikingdevices, according to at least some examples of the invention, mayinclude a ball striking head with a ball striking surface. In the caseof a golf club, the ball striking surface is a substantially flatsurface on one face of the ball striking head. Some more specificaspects of this invention relate to wood-type golf clubs and golf clubheads, including drivers, fairway woods, hybrid clubs, and the like,although aspects of this invention also may be practiced in connectionwith iron-type clubs, putters, and other club types as well.

According to various aspects and embodiments, the ball striking devicemay be formed of one or more of a variety of materials, such as metals(including metal alloys), ceramics, polymers, composites (includingfiber-reinforced composites), and wood, and may be formed in one of avariety of configurations, without departing from the scope of theinvention. In one illustrative embodiment, some or all components of thehead, including the face and at least a portion of the body of the head,are made of metal (the term “metal,” as used herein, includes within itsscope metal alloys, metal matrix composites, and other metallicmaterials). It is understood that the head may contain components madeof several different materials, including carbon-fiber composites,polymer materials, and other components. Additionally, the componentsmay be formed by various forming methods. For example, metal components,such as components made from titanium, aluminum, titanium alloys,aluminum alloys, steels (including stainless steels), and the like, maybe formed by forging, molding, casting, stamping, machining, and/orother known techniques. In another example, composite components, suchas carbon fiber-polymer composites, can be manufactured by a variety ofcomposite processing techniques, such as prepreg processing,powder-based techniques, mold infiltration, and/or other knowntechniques. In a further example, polymer components, such as highstrength polymers, can be manufactured by polymer processing techniques,such as various molding and casting techniques and/or other knowntechniques.

The various figures in this application illustrate examples of ballstriking devices according to this invention. When the same referencenumber appears in more than one drawing, that reference number is usedconsistently in this specification and the drawings refer to the same orsimilar parts throughout.

At least some examples of ball striking devices according to thisinvention relate to golf club head structures, including heads forwood-type golf clubs, such as drivers, fairway woods and hybrid clubs,as well as other types of wood-type clubs. Such devices may include aone-piece construction or a multiple-piece construction. Examplestructures of ball striking devices according to this invention will bedescribed in detail below in conjunction with FIGS. 1-13, 34A-34B, and35 which illustrate one illustrative embodiment of a ball strikingdevice 100 in the form of a wood-type golf club (e.g. a driver), andFIGS. 14-20, which also illustrate an illustrative embodiment of a ballstriking device 100 in the form of a wood-type golf club (e.g., adriver). It is understood that similar configurations may be used forother wood-type clubs, including a fairway wood (e.g., a 3-wood, 5-wood,7-wood, etc.), as illustrated in FIGS. 21-26D and in FIGS. 36-37F, or ahybrid club, as illustrated in FIGS. 27-33 and FIGS. 38-39C. Asmentioned previously, aspects of this disclosure may alternately be usedin connection with long iron clubs (e.g., driving irons, zero ironsthrough five irons, and hybrid type golf clubs), short iron clubs (e.g.,six irons through pitching wedges, as well as sand wedges, lob wedges,gap wedges, and/or other wedges), and putters.

The golf club 100 shown in FIGS. 1-13 includes a golf club head or aball striking head 102 configured to strike a ball in use and a shaft104 connected to the ball striking head 102 and extending therefrom.FIGS. 1-13 illustrate one embodiment of a ball striking head in the formof a golf club head 102 that has a face 112 connected to a body 108,with a hosel 109 extending therefrom and a shaft 104 connected to thehosel 109. For reference, the head 102 generally has a top or crown 116,a bottom or sole 118, a heel 120 proximate the hosel 109, a toe 122distal from the hosel 109, a front 124, and a back or rear 126, as shownin FIGS. 1-13. The shape and design of the head 102 may be partiallydictated by the intended use of the golf club 100. For example, it isunderstood that the sole 118 is configured to face the playing surfacein use. With clubs that are configured to be capable of hitting a ballresting directly on the playing surface, such as a fairway wood, hybrid,iron, etc., the sole 118 may contact the playing surface in use, andfeatures of the club may be designed accordingly. In the club 100 shownin FIGS. 1-13, the head 102 has an enclosed volume, measured per “USGAPROCEDURE FOR MEASURING THE CLUB HEAD SIZE OF WOOD CLUBS”, TPX-3003,REVISION 1.0.0 dated Nov. 21, 2003, as the club 100 is a wood-type clubdesigned for use as a driver, intended to hit the ball long distances.In this procedure, the volume of the club head is determined using thedisplaced water weight method. According to the procedure, any largeconcavities must be filled with clay or dough and covered with tape soas to produce a smooth contour prior to measuring volume. Club headvolume may additionally or alternately be calculated fromthree-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) modeling of the golf clubhead. In other applications, such as for a different type of golf club,the head 102 may be designed to have different dimensions andconfigurations. For example, when configured as a driver, the club head102 may have a volume of at least 400 cc, and in some structures, atleast 450 cc, or even at least 470 cc. The head 102 illustrated in theform of a driver in FIGS. 1-13, 34A, 34B, and 35 has a volume ofapproximately 460 cc, and the head 102 illustrated in the form of adriver in FIGS. 14-20 has a volume of approximately 420 cc. If insteadconfigured as a fairway wood (e.g., FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F), the headmay have a volume of 120 cc to 250 cc, and if configured as a hybridclub (e.g., FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C), the head may have a volume of 85 ccto 170 cc. Other appropriate sizes for other club heads may be readilydetermined by those skilled in the art. The loft angle of the club head102 also may vary, e.g., depending on the shot distance desired for theclub head 102. For example, a driver golf club head may have a loftangle range of 7 degrees to 16 degrees, a fairway wood golf club headmay have a loft angle range of 12 to 25 degrees, and a hybrid golf clubhead may have a loft angle range of 16 to 28 degrees.

The body 108 of the head 102 can have various different shapes,including a rounded shape, as in the head 102 shown in FIGS. 1-13, agenerally square or rectangular shape, or any other of a variety ofother shapes. It is understood that such shapes may be configured todistribute weight in any desired, manner, e.g., away from the face 112and/or the geometric/volumetric center of the head 102, in order tocreate a lower center of gravity and/or a higher moment of inertia.

In the illustrative embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-13, the head 102has a hollow structure defining an inner cavity 106 (e.g., defined bythe face 112 and the body 108) with a plurality of inner surfacesdefined therein. In one embodiment, the inner cavity 106 may be filledwith air. However, in other embodiments, the inner cavity 106 could befilled or partially filled with another material, such as foam. In stillfurther embodiments, the solid materials of the head may occupy agreater proportion of the volume, and the head may have a smaller cavityor no inner cavity 106 at all. It is understood that the inner cavity106 may not be completely enclosed in some embodiments.

The face 112 is located at the front 124 of the head 102 and has a ballstriking surface (or striking surface) 110 located thereon and an innersurface 111 opposite the ball striking surface 110, as illustrated inFIG. 2. The ball striking surface 110 is typically an outer surface ofthe face 112 configured to face a ball in use and is adapted to strikethe ball when the golf club 100 is set in motion, such as by swinging.As shown, the ball striking surface 110 is relatively flat, occupying atleast a majority of the face 112. The face 112 has an outer peripheryformed of a plurality of outer or peripheral edges 113. The edges of theface 112 may be defined as the boundaries of an area of the face 112that is specifically designed to contact the ball in use, and may berecognized as the boundaries of an area of the face 112 that isintentionally shaped and configured to be suited for ball contact. Theface 112 may include some curvature in the top to bottom and/or heel totoe directions (e.g., bulge and roll characteristics), as is known andis conventional in the art. In other embodiments, the surface 110 mayoccupy a different proportion of the face 112, or the body 108 may havemultiple ball striking surfaces 110 thereon. Generally, the ballstriking surface 110 is inclined with respect to the ground or contactsurface (i.e., at a loft angle), to give the ball a desired trajectoryand spin when struck, and it is understood that different club heads 102may have different loft angles. Additionally, the face 112 may have avariable thickness and also may have one or more internal or externalinserts and/or supports in some embodiments. In one embodiment, the face112 of the head 102 in FIGS. 1-13 may be made from titanium (e.g.,Ti-6A1-4V alloy or other alloy); however, the face 112 may be made fromother materials in other embodiments.

It is understood that the face 112, the body 108, and/or the hosel 109can be formed as a single piece or as separate pieces that are joinedtogether. The face 112 may be formed as a face member with the body 108being partially or wholly formed by one or more separate piecesconnected to the face member. Such a face member may be in the form of,e.g., a face plate member or face insert, or a partial or completecup-face member having a wall or walls extending rearward from the edgesof the face 112. These pieces may be connected by an integral joiningtechnique, such as welding, cementing, or adhesively joining. Otherknown techniques for joining these parts can be used as well, includingmany mechanical joining techniques, including releasable mechanicalengagement techniques. As one example, a body member formed of a single,integral, cast piece may be connected to a face member to define theentire club head. The head 102 in FIGS. 1-13 may be constructed usingthis technique, in one embodiment. As another example, a single,integral body member may be cast with an opening in the sole. The bodymember is then connected to a face member, and a separate sole piece isconnected within the sole opening to completely define the club head.Such a sole piece may be made from a different material, e.g., polymeror composite. The head 102 in FIGS. 14-20 may be constructed using thistechnique, in one embodiment. As a further example, either of the abovetechniques may be used, with the body member having an opening on thetop side thereof. A separate crown piece is used to cover the topopening and form part or the entire crown 116, and this crown piece maybe made from a different material, e.g., polymer or composite. As yetanother example, a first piece including the face 112 and a portion ofthe body 108 may be connected to one or more additional pieces tofurther define the body 108. For example, the first piece may have anopening on the top and/or bottom sides, with a separate piece or piecesconnected to form part or all of the crown 116 and/or the sole 118.Further different forming techniques may be used in other embodiments.

The golf club 100 may include a shaft 104 connected to or otherwiseengaged with the ball striking head 102 as shown in FIG. 1. The shaft104 is adapted to be gripped by a user to swing the golf club 100 tostrike the ball. The shaft 104 can be formed as a separate piececonnected to the head 102, such as by connecting to the hosel 109, asshown in FIG. 1. Any desired hosel and/or head/shaft interconnectionstructure may be used without departing from this invention, includingconventional hosel or other head/shaft interconnection structures as areknown and used in the art, or an adjustable, releasable, and/orinterchangeable hosel or other head/shaft interconnection structure suchas those shown and described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2009/0062029, filed on Aug. 28, 2007, U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2013/0184098, filed on Oct. 31, 2012, and U.S. Pat. No.8,533,060, issued Sep. 10, 2013, all of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties and made parts hereof. The head 102 mayhave an opening or other access 128 for the adjustable hosel 109connecting structure that extends through the sole 118, as seen in FIGS.1-13. In other illustrative embodiments, at least a portion of the shaft104 may be an integral piece with the head 102, and/or the head 102 maynot contain a hosel 109 or may contain an internal hosel structure.Still further embodiments are contemplated without departing from thescope of the invention.

The shaft 104 may be constructed from one or more of a variety ofmaterials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, or wood. Insome illustrative embodiments, the shaft 104, or at least portionsthereof, may be constructed of a metal, such as stainless steel ortitanium, or a composite, such as a carbon/graphite fiber-polymercomposite. However, it is contemplated that the shaft 104 may beconstructed of different materials without departing from the scope ofthe invention, including conventional materials that are known and usedin the art. A grip element 105 may be positioned on the shaft 104 toprovide a golfer with a slip resistant surface with which to grasp thegolf club shaft 104, as seen in FIG. 1. The grip element may be attachedto the shaft 104 in any desired manner, including in conventionalmanners known and used in the art (e.g., via adhesives or cements,threads or other mechanical connectors, swedging/swaging, etc.).

The various embodiments of golf clubs 100 and/or golf club heads 102described herein may include components that have sizes, shapes,locations, orientations, etc., that are described with reference to oneor more properties and/or reference points. Several of such propertiesand reference points are described in the following paragraphs, withreference to FIGS. 2-7.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, a lie angle 2 is defined as the angle formedbetween the hosel axis 4 or a shaft axis 5 and a horizontal planecontacting the sole 118, i.e., the ground plane 6. It is noted that thehosel axis 4 and the shaft axis 5 are central axes along which the hosel109 and shaft 104 extend.

One or more origin points 8 (e.g., 8A, 8B) may be defined in relation tocertain elements of the golf club 100 or golf club head 102. Variousother points, such as a center of gravity, a sole contact, and a facecenter, may be described and/or measured in relation to one or more ofsuch origin points 8. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate two different examplessuch origin points 8, including their locations and definitions. A firstorigin point location, referred to as a ground plane origin point 8A isgenerally located at the ground plane 6. The ground plane origin point8A is defined as the point at which the ground plane 6 and the hoselaxis 4 intersect. A second origin point location, referred to as a hoselorigin point 8B, is generally located on the hosel 109. The hosel originpoint 8B is defined on the hosel axis 4 and coincident with theuppermost edge 12B of the hosel 12. Either location for the origin point8, as well as other origin points 8, may be utilized for referencewithout departing from this invention. It is understood that referencesto the ground plane origin point 8A and hosel origin point 8B are usedherein consistent with the definitions in this paragraph, unlessexplicitly noted otherwise. Throughout the remainder of thisapplication, the ground plane origin point 8A will be utilized for allreference locations, tolerances, calculations, etc., unless explicitlynoted otherwise.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, a coordinate system may be defined with anorigin located at the ground plane origin point 8A, referred to hereinas a ground plane coordinate system. In other words, this coordinatesystem has an X-axis 14, a Y-axis 16, and a Z-axis 18 that all passthrough the ground plane origin point 8A. The X-axis in this system isparallel to the ground plane and generally parallel to the strikingsurface 110 of the golf club head 102. The Y-axis 16 in this system isperpendicular to the X-axis 14 and parallel to the ground plane 6, andextends towards the rear 126 of the golf club head 102, i.e.,perpendicular to the plane of the drawing sheet in FIG. 2. The Z-axis 18in this system is perpendicular to the ground plane 6, and may beconsidered to extend vertically. Throughout the remainder of thisapplication, the ground plane coordinate system will be utilized for allreference locations, tolerances, calculations, etc., unless explicitlynoted otherwise.

FIGS. 2 and 4 illustrate an example of a center of gravity location 26as a specified parameter of the golf club head 102, using the groundplane coordinate system. The center of gravity of the golf club head 102may be determined using various methods and procedures known and used inthe art. The golf club head 102 center of gravity location 26 isprovided with reference to its position from the ground plane originpoint 8A. As illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4, the center of gravitylocation 26 is defined by a distance CGX 28 from the ground plane originpoint 8A along the X-axis 14, a distance CGY 30 from the ground planeorigin point 8A along the Y-axis 16, and a distance CGZ 32 from theground plane origin point 8A along the Z-axis 18.

Additionally as illustrated in FIG. 3, another coordinate system may bedefined with an origin located at the hosel origin point 8B, referred toherein as a hosel axis coordinate system. In other words, thiscoordinate system has an X′ axis 22, a Y′ axis 20, and a Z′ axis 24 thatall pass through the hosel origin point 8B. The Z′ axis 24 in thiscoordinate system extends along the direction of the shaft axis 5(and/or the hosel axis 4). The X′ axis 22 in this system extendsparallel with the vertical plane and normal to the Z′ axis 24. The Y′axis 20 in this system extends perpendicular to the X′ axis 22 and theZ′ axis 24 and extends toward the rear 126 of the golf club head 102,i.e., the same direction as the Y-axis 16 of the ground plane coordinatesystem.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a center of gravity location 26 as aspecified parameter of the golf club head 102, using the hosel axiscoordinate system. The center of gravity of the golf club head 102 maybe determined using various methods and procedures known and used in theart. The golf club head 102 center of gravity location 26 is providedwith reference to its position from the hosel origin point 8B. Asillustrated in FIG. 3, the center of gravity location 26 is defined by adistance ΔX 34 from the hosel origin point 8B along the X′ axis 22, adistance ΔY (not shown) from the hosel origin point 8B along the Y′ axis20, and a distance ΔZ 38 from the hosel origin point 8B along the Z′axis 24.

FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the face center (FC) location 40 on a golf clubhead 102. The face center location 40 illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 isdetermined using United States Golf Association (USGA) standardmeasuring procedures from the “Procedure for Measuring the Flexibilityof a Golf Clubhead”, USGA TPX-3004, Revision 2.0, Mar. 25, 2005. Usingthis USGA procedure, a template is used to locate the FC location 40from both a heel 120 to toe 122 location and a crown 116 to sole 118location. For measuring the FC location 40 from the heel to toelocation, the template should be placed on the striking surface 110until the measurements at the edges of the striking surface 110 on boththe heel 120 and toe 122 are equal. This marks the FC location 40 from aheel to toe direction. To find the face center from a crown to soledimension, the template is placed on the striking surface 110 and the FClocation 40 from crown to sole is the location where the measurementsfrom the crown 116 to sole 118 are equal. The FC location 40 is thepoint on the striking surface 110 where the crown to sole measurementson the template are equidistant, and the heel to toe measurements areequidistant.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, the FC location 40 can be defined from theground plane origin coordinate system, such that a distance CFX 42 isdefined from the ground plane origin point 8A along the X-axis 14, adistance CFY 44 is defined from the ground plane origin point 8A alongthe Y-axis 16, and a distance CFZ 46 is defined from the ground planeorigin point 8A along the Z-axis 18. It is understood that the FClocation 40 may similarly be defined using the hosel origin system, ifdesired.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a loft angle 48 of the golf club head102. The loft angle 48 can be defined as the angle between a plane 53that is tangential to the striking surface 110 at the FC location 40 andan axis 51 normal or perpendicular to the ground plane 6. Alternately,the loft angle 48 can be defined as the angle between an axis 50 normalor perpendicular to the striking surface 110 at the FC location 40,called a face center axis 50, and the ground plane 6. It is understoodthat each of these definitions of the loft angle 48 may yield thesubstantially the same loft angle measurement.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a face angle 52 of a golf club head102. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the face angle 52 is defined as the anglebetween the face center axis 50 and a plane 54 perpendicular to theX-axis 14 and the ground plane 6.

FIG. 2 illustrates a golf club head 102 oriented in a referenceposition. In the reference position, the hosel axis 4 or shaft axis 5lies in a vertical plane, as shown in FIG. 6. As illustrated in FIG. 2,the hosel axis 4 may be oriented at the lie angle 2. The lie angle 2selected for the reference position may be the golf club 100manufacturer's specified lie angle. If a specified lie angle is notavailable from the manufacturer, a lie angle of 60 degrees can be used.Furthermore, for the reference position, the striking surface 110 may,in some circumstances, be oriented at a face angle 54 of 0 degrees. Themeasurement setup for establishing the reference position can be founddetermined using the “Procedure for Measuring the Club Head Size of WoodClubs”, TPX-3003, Revision 1.0.0, dated Nov. 21, 2003.

As golf clubs have evolved in recent years, many have incorporatedhead/shaft interconnection structures connecting the shaft 104 and clubhead 102. These interconnection structures are used to allow a golfer toeasily change shafts for different flex, weight, length or other desiredproperties. Many of these interconnection structures have featureswhereby the shaft 104 is connected to the interconnection structure at adifferent angle than the hosel axis 4 of the golf club head, includingthe interconnection structures discussed elsewhere herein. This featureallows these interconnection structures to be rotated in variousconfigurations to potentially adjust some of the relationships betweenthe club head 102 and the shaft 104 either individually or incombination, such as the lie angle, the loft angle, or the face angle.As such, if a golf club 100 includes an interconnection structure, itshall be attached to the golf club head when addressing any measurementson the golf club head 102. For example, when positioning the golf clubhead 102 in the reference position, the interconnection structuresshould be attached to the structure. Since this structure can influencethe lie angle, face angle, and loft angle of the golf club head, theinterconnection member shall be set to its most neutral position.Additionally, these interconnection members have a weight that canaffect the golf club heads mass properties, e.g. center of gravity (CG)and moment of inertia (MOI) properties. Thus, any mass propertymeasurements on the golf club head should be measured with theinterconnection member attached to the golf club head.

The moment of inertia is a property of the club head 102, the importanceof which is known to those skilled in the art. There are three moment ofinertia properties referenced herein. The moment of inertia with respectto an axis parallel to the X-axis 14 of the ground plane coordinatesystem, extending through the center of gravity 26 of the club head 102,is referenced as the MOI x-x, as illustrated in FIG. 6. The moment ofinertia with respect to an axis parallel to the Z-axis 18 of the groundplane coordinate system, extending through the center of gravity 26 ofthe club head 102, is referenced as the MOI z-z, as illustrated in FIG.4. The moment of inertia with respect to the Z′ axis 24 of the hoselaxis coordinate system is referenced as the MOI h-h, as illustrated inFIG. 3. The MOI h-h can be utilized in determining how the club head 102may resist the golfer's ability to close the clubface during the swing.

The ball striking face height (FH) 56 is a measurement taken along aplane normal to the ground plane and defined by the dimension CFX 42through the face center 40, of the distance between the ground plane 6and a point represented by a midpoint of a radius between the crown 116and the face 112. An example of the measurement of the face height 56 ofa head 102 is illustrated in FIG. 7. The face height 56 in oneembodiment of the club head 102 of FIGS. 1-13 may be 50-72 mm, or may beapproximately 59.9 mm+/−0.5 mm in another embodiment. It is understoodthat the club heads 102 described herein may be produced with multipledifferent loft angles, and that different loft angles may have someeffect on face height 56.

Additionally, the geometry of the crown 116 as it approaches the face112 may assist in the efficiency of the impact. A crown departure angle119 may define this geometry and is shown in FIG. 7. The crown departureangle 119 may be taken along a plane normal to the ground plane anddefined by the dimension CFX 42 through the face center 40. In order tomeasure the crown departure angle effectively additional points must bedefined. Starting with a midpoint 117 of the radius between the crown116 and the face 112, a circle with a radius of 15 mm is projected ontothe crown 116. A line is then projected from this intersection pointalong a direction parallel to the curvature at that crown andcircle-crown intersection point 115. The crown departure angle 119 isthen measured as the angle from a plane parallel to the ground plane andthe line projected parallel to the curvature at the circle-crownintersection point 115. The crown departure angle 119 may beapproximately 10 degrees, or may be within the range of 7 to 20 degrees.

The head length 58 and head breadth 60 measurements can be determined byusing the USGA “Procedure for Measuring the Club Head Size of WoodClubs,” USGA-TPX 3003, Revision 1.0.0, dated Nov. 21, 2003. Examples ofthe measurement of the head length 58 and head breadth 60 of a head 102are illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.

Geometry and Mass Properties of Club Heads

In the golf club 100 shown in FIGS. 1-13, the head 102 has dimensionalcharacteristics that define its geometry and also has specific massproperties that can define the performance of the golf club as itrelates to the ball flight that it imparts onto a golf ball during thegolf swing or the impact event itself. This illustrative embodiment andother embodiments are described in greater detail below.

The head 102 as shown in FIGS. 1-13 illustrates a driver golf club head.The head 102 has a head weight of 198 to 210 grams. The head has acenter of gravity CGX in the range of 20 to 24 mm, CGY in the range of16 to 20 mm, and CGZ in the range of 30 to 34 mm. Correspondingly fromthe hosel coordinate system, the ΔX is in the range of 34 to 38 mm, theΔY is in the range of 16 to 20 mm, and the ΔZ is in the range of 68 to72 mm. The head 102 has a corresponding MOI x-x of approximately 2400 to2800 g*cm², MOI z-z of approximately 4200 to 4800 g*cm², and an MOI h-hof approximately 6700 to 7100 g*cm². The head 102 generally has a headlength ranging from 115 to 122 mm and a head breadth ranging from 113 to119 mm. Additionally, the head has a face center 40 defined by a CFXbetween (where between is defined herein as inclusive) 21 to 25 mm, aCFY between 13 to 17 mm, and a CFZ between 31 to 35 mm.

The head 102 as shown in FIGS. 14-20 illustrates another embodiment of adriver golf club head. This head generally has a head weight of 198 to210 grams. This head has a cylindrical weight 181 (described in moredetail below) that fits within a weight receptacle that can move thecenter of gravity in the CGY direction between 1-5 mm (or at least 2mm). The head has a center of gravity CGX in the range of 23 to 27 mm,CGY in the range of 13 to 19 mm, and CGZ in the range of 27 to 32 mmwhen the heavier end of the weight 181 a is in the forward position, andthe head has a center of gravity CGX in the range of 23 to 27 mm, CGY inthe range of 14 to 24 mm, and CGZ in the range of 27 to 32 mm when theheavier end of the weight 181 a is in the rearward position.Correspondingly, from the hosel coordinate system, the ΔX is in therange of 34 to 40 mm, the ΔY is in the range of 13 to 19 mm with theheavier end of the weight 181 a in the forward position, and the ΔY isin the range of 14 to 24 mm with the heavier end of the weight 181 a inthe rearward position, the ΔZ is in the range of 51 to 58 mm. The head102 has a corresponding MOI x-x of approximately 2400 to 2800 g*cm², MOIz-z of approximately 4100 to 4600 g*cm², and an MOI h-h of approximately7000 to 7400 g*cm² when the heavier end of the weight 181 a is in therearward position. The head 102 has a corresponding MOI x-x ofapproximately 2000 to 2400 g*cm², MOI z-z of approximately 3800 to 4300g*cm², and an MOI h-h of approximately 6600 to 7000 g*cm² when theheavier end of the weight 181 a is in the forward position. The head 102generally has a head length ranging from 120 to 124 mm and a headbreadth ranging from 105 to 108 mm. Additionally, the head has a facecenter 40 defined by a CFX between 22 to 26 mm, a CFY between 11 to 15mm, and a CFZ between 28 to 32 mm.

The head 102 as shown in FIG. 35 illustrates another embodiment a drivergolf club head. The head 102 has a head weight of 198 to 210 grams. Thehead has a center of gravity CGX in the range of 23 to 27 mm, CGY in therange of 13 to 17 mm, and CGZ in the range of 29 to 33 mm.Correspondingly from the hosel coordinate system, the ΔX is in the rangeof 35 to 39 mm, the ΔY is in the range of 13 to 17 mm, and the ΔZ is inthe range of 69 to 73 mm. The head 102 has a corresponding MOI x-x ofapproximately 2200 to 2600 g*cm², an MOI z-z of approximately 4100 to4600 g*cm², and an MOI h-h of approximately 6700 to 7100 g*cm². The head102 generally has a head length ranging from 121 to 126 mm and a headbreadth ranging from 106 to 112 mm. Additionally, the head has a facecenter 40 defined by a CFX between 24 to 29 mm, a CFY between 12 to 17mm, and a CFZ between 29 to 34 mm.

The head 102 as shown in FIGS. 21-26D illustrates a fairway wood golfclub head. This head generally has a head weight of 208 to 224 grams.The head has a center of gravity CGX in the range of 21 to 26 mm, CGY inthe range of 13 to 19 mm, and CGZ in the range of 15 to 19 mm.Correspondingly from the hosel coordinate system, the ΔX is in the rangeof 27 to 32 mm, the ΔY is in the range of 13 to 19 mm, and the ΔZ is inthe range of 57 to 64 mm. The head 102 has a corresponding MOI x-x ofapproximately 1250 to 1550 g*cm², an MOI z-z of approximately 2400 to2800 g*cm², and an MOI h-h of approximately 4400 to 5000 g*cm². The head102 generally has a head length ranging from 101 to 105 mm and a headbreadth ranging from 86 to 90 mm. Additionally, the head has a facecenter 40 defined by a CFX between 21 to 25 mm, a CFY between 8 to 13mm, and a CFZ between 18 to 22 mm.

The head 102 as shown in FIGS. 36-37F illustrate another embodiment of afairway wood golf club head. This head generally has a head weight of208 to 224 grams. The head has a center of gravity CGX in the range of17 to 22 mm, CGY in the range of 9 to 14 mm, and CGZ in the range of 16to 20 mm. Correspondingly from the hosel coordinate system, the ΔX is inthe range of 24 to 29 mm, the ΔY is in the range of 9 to 14 mm, and theΔZ is in the range of 42 to 47 mm. The head 102 has a corresponding MOIx-x of approximately 1150 to 1450 g*cm², an MOI z-z of approximately2300 to 2800 g*cm², and an MOI h-h of approximately 3500 to 4100 g*cm².The head 102 generally has a head length ranging from 96 to 105 mm and ahead breadth ranging from 81 to 87 mm. The head 102 generally has a headlength ranging from 120 to 124 mm and a head breadth ranging from 105 to108 mm. Additionally, the head has a face center 40 defined by a CFXbetween 19 to 23 mm, a CFY between 11 to 15 mm, and a CFZ between 17 to21 mm.

The head 102 as shown in FIGS. 27-33 illustrates a hybrid golf clubhead. This head generally has a head weight of 222 to 250 grams. Thehead has a center of gravity CGX in the range of 22 to 26 mm, CGY in therange of 8 to 13 mm, and CGZ in the range of 13 to 17 mm.Correspondingly, from the hosel coordinate system, the ΔX is in therange of 27 to 32 mm, the ΔY is in the range of 8 to 13 mm, and the ΔZis in the range of 60 to 65 mm. The head 102 has a corresponding MOI x-xof approximately 800 to 1200 g*cm², an MOI z-z of approximately 2000 to2400 g*cm², and an MOI h-h of approximately 3600 to 4000 g*cm². The head102 generally has a head length ranging from 97 to 102 mm and a headbreadth ranging from 64 to 71 mm. Additionally, the head has a facecenter 40 defined by a CFX between 22 to 26 mm, a CFY between 6 to 12mm, and a CFZ between 17 to 21 mm.

The head 102 as shown in FIGS. 38-39C illustrates another embodiment ofa hybrid golf club head. This head generally has a head weight of 222 to250 grams. The head has a center of gravity CGX in the range of 24 to 28mm, CGY in the range of 6 to 11 mm, and CGZ in the range of 13 to 17 mm.Correspondingly, from the hosel coordinate system, the ΔX is in therange of 27 to 32 mm, the ΔY is in the range of 6 to 11 mm, and the ΔZis in the range of 45 to 51 mm. The head 102 has a corresponding MOI x-xof approximately 650 to 1000 g*cm², an MOI z-z of approximately 2100 to2500 g*cm², and an MOI h-h of approximately 3800 to 4200 g*cm² The head102 generally has a head length ranging from 100 to 105 mm and a headbreadth ranging from 61 to 67 mm. The head 102 generally has a headlength ranging from 120 to 124 mm and a head breadth ranging from 105 to108 mm. Additionally, the head has a face center 40 defined by a CFXbetween 26 to 30 mm, a CFY between 8 to 13 mm, and a CFZ between 16 to20 mm.

Channel Structure of Club Head

In general, the ball striking heads 102 according to the presentinvention include features on the body 108 that influence the impact ofa ball on the face 112, such as one or more compression channels 140positioned on the body 108 of the head 102 that allow at least a portionof the body 108 to flex, produce a reactive force, and/or change thebehavior or motion of the face 112, during impact of a ball on the face112. In the golf club 100 shown in FIGS. 1-13, the head 102 includes asingle channel 140 located on the sole 118 of the head 102. As describedbelow, this channel 140 permits compression and flexing of the body 108during impact on the face 112, which can influence the impact propertiesof the club head. This illustrative embodiment and other embodiments aredescribed in greater detail below.

The golf club head 102 shown in FIGS. 1-13 includes a compressionchannel 140 positioned on the sole 118 of the head 102, and which mayextend continuously across at least a portion of the sole 118. In otherembodiments, the head 102 may have a channel 140 positioned differently,such as on the crown 116, the heel 120, and/or the toe 122. It is alsounderstood that the head 102 may have more than one channel 140, or mayhave an annular channel extending around the entire or substantially theentire head 102. As illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 8, the channel 140 ofthis example structure is elongated, extending between a first end 142located proximate the heel 120 of the head 102 and a second end 144located proximate the toe 122 of the head 102. The channel 140 has aboundary that is defined by a first or front edge 146 and a second orrear edge 148 that extend between the ends 142, 144. In this embodiment,the channel 140 extends across the sole, adjacent to and along thebottom edge 113 of the face 112, and further extends proximate the heel120 and toe 122 areas of the head 102. The channel 140 is recessedinwardly with respect to the immediately adjacent surfaces of the head102 that extend from and/or are in contact with the edges 146, 148 ofthe channel 140, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 6-13. It is understood that,with a head 102 having a thin-wall construction (e.g., the embodiment ofFIGS. 1-13), the recessed nature of the channel 140 createscorresponding raised portions on the inner surfaces of the body 108.

As illustrated in FIG. 7A, the channel 140 has a width W and a depth Dthat may vary in different portions of the channel 140. The width W anddepth D of the channel 140 may be measured with respect to differentreference points. For example, the width W of the channel 140 may bemeasured between radius end points (see points E in FIG. 7A), whichrepresent the end points of the radii or fillets of the front edge 146and the rear edge 148 of the channel 140, or in other words, the pointswhere the recession of the channel 140 from the body 108 begins. Thismeasurement can be made by using a straight virtual line segment that istangent to the end points of the radii or fillets as the channel 140begins to be recessed into the body 108. This may be considered to be acomparison between the geometry of the body 108 with the channel 140 andthe geometry of an otherwise identical body that does not have thechannel 140. The depth D of the channel 140 may also be measured normalto an imaginary line extending between the radius end points. As furtherillustrated in FIGS. 7 and 7A, a rearward spacing S of the channel 140from the edge of the face 112 may be defined using the radius end pointof the front edge 146 of the channel 140, measured rearwardly from thecenter of the radius between the sole 118 and the face 112. Asillustrated in FIGS. 7 and 7A, the rearward spacing S of the channel 140location relative to the front of the head 102 may be defined for anycross-section taken in a plane perpendicular to the X-Axis 14 and Z-Axis18 at any location along the X-Axis 14 by the dimension S from theforward most edge of the face dimension at the cross-section to theradius of the end point of the channel (shown as point E in FIG. 7A)along a straight virtual line segment that is tangent to the end pointsof the radii or fillets as the channel 140 begins to be recessed intothe body 108. This may be considered to be a comparison between thegeometry of the body 108 with the channel 140 and the geometry of anotherwise identical body that does not have the channel 140. If thereference points for measurement of the width W and/or depth D of thechannel 140 are not explicitly described herein with respect to aparticular example or embodiment, the radius end points may beconsidered the reference points for both width W and/or depth Dmeasurement. Properties such as width W, depth D, and rearward spacingS, etc., in other embodiments (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 14-20) may bemeasured or expressed in the same manner described herein with respectto FIGS. 1-13.

The head 102 in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-13 has a channel140 that generally has a center portion 130 that has a relativelyconsistent width W (front to rear) and depth D of recession and heel andtoe portions 131, 132 that have greater widths W and greater depths D ofrecession from adjacent surfaces of the sole 118. In this configuration,the front edge 146 and the rear edge 148 are both generally parallel tothe bottom edge of the face 112 and/or generally parallel to each otheralong the entire length of the center portion 130, i.e., between opposedends 133, 134 of the center portion 130. In this configuration, thefront and rear edges 146, 148 may generally follow the curvature of thebulge radius of the face 112. In other embodiments, the front edge 146and/or the rear edge 146 at the center portion 130 may be angled,curved, etc. with respect to each other and/or with respect to theadjacent edges of the face 112. The front and rear edges 146, 148 at theheel portion 131 and the toe portion 132 are angled away from eachother, such that the widths W of the heel and toe portions 131, 132gradually increase toward the heel 120 and the toe 122, respectively.The depths D of the heel and toe portions 131, 132 of the channel 140also increase from the center portion 130 toward the heel 120 and toe122, respectively. In this configuration, the narrowest portions of theheel and toe portions 131, 132 are immediately adjacent the ends 133,134 of the center portion 130. Additionally, in this configuration, theportions of the heel and toe portions 131, 132 are immediately adjacentthe ends 133, 134 of the center portion 130 are shallower than otherlocations more proximate the heel 120 and toe 122, respectively.Further, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 8, the front edge 146at the heel and toe portions 131, 132 is generally parallel to theadjacent edges 113 of the face 112, while the rear edge 148 angles orotherwise diverges away from the edges 113 of the face 112 at the heeland toe portions 131, 132. In one embodiment, the access 128 for theadjustable hosel 109 connecting structure 129 may be in communicationwith and/or may intersect the channel 140, such as in the head 102illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 8, in which the access 128 is incommunication with and intersects the heel portion 131 of the channel140. The access 128 in this embodiment includes an opening 123 withinthe channel 140 that receives a part of the hosel interconnectionstructure 129, and a wall 127 is formed adjacent the access 128 to atleast partially surround the opening 123. In one embodiment, the wall127 extends completely across the heel portion 131 of the channel 140,and the wall 127 is positioned between the opening 123 and the heel 120and/or the heel end 142 of the channel 140. In the embodimentillustrated in FIGS. 1A and 8, the wall 127 extends rearwardly from thefront edge 146 of the channel 140 and then jogs away from the heel 120to intersect with the rear edge 148 of the channel 140. The wall 127 mayhave a different configuration in other embodiments, such as extendingonly partially across the channel 140 and/or completely surrounding theopening 123. In other embodiments, the channel 140 may be orientedand/or positioned differently. For example, the channel 140 may beoriented adjacent to a different portion of edge 113 of the face 112,and at least a portion of the channel 140 may be parallel or generallyparallel to one or more of the edges of the face 112. The size and shapeof the compression channel 140 also may vary widely without departingfrom this invention.

The channel 140 is substantially symmetrically positioned on the head102 in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-13, such that the centerportion 130 is generally symmetrical with respect to a vertical planepassing through the geometric centerline of the sole 118 and/or the body108, and the midpoint of the center portion 130 may also be coincidentwith such a plane. However, in another embodiment, the center portion130 may additionally or alternately be symmetrical with respect to avertical plane (generally normal to the face 112) passing through thegeometric center of the face 112 (which may or may not be aligned thegeometric center of the sole 118 and/or the body 108), and the midpointof the center portion 130 may also be coincident with such a plane. Thisarrangement and alignment may be different in other embodiments,depending at least in part on the degree of geometry and symmetry of thebody 108 and the face 112. For example, in another embodiment, thecenter portion 130 may be asymmetrical with respect to one or more ofthe planes discussed above, and the midpoint may not coincide with suchplane(s). This configuration can be used to vary the effects achievedfor impacts on desired portions of the face 112 and/or to compensate forthe effects of surrounding structural features on the impact propertiesof the face 112.

The center portion 130 of the channel 140 in this embodiment has acurved and generally semi-circular cross-sectional shape or profile,with a trough 150 and sloping, depending side walls 152 that aresmoothly curvilinear, extending from the trough 150 to the respectiveedges 146, 148 of the channel 140. The trough 150 forms the deepest(i.e. most inwardly-recessed) portion of the channel 140 in thisembodiment. It is understood that the center portion 130 may have adifferent cross-sectional shape or profile, such as having a sharperand/or more polygonal (e.g. rectangular) shape in another embodiment.Additionally, as described above, the center portion 130 of the channel140 may have a generally constant depth across the entire length, i.e.,between the ends 133, 134 of the center portion 130. In anotherembodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 may generallyincrease in depth D so that the trough 150 has a greater depth at andaround the midpoint of the center portion 130 and is shallower moreproximate the ends 133, 134. Further, in one embodiment, the wallthickness T of the body 108 may be reduced at the channel 140, ascompared to the thickness at other locations of the body 108, to providefor increased flexibility at the channel 140. In one embodiment, thewall thickness(es) T in the channel 140 (or different portions thereof)may be from 0.3-2.0 mm, or from 0.6-1.8 mm in another embodiment.

The wall thickness T may also vary at different locations within thechannel 140. For example, in one embodiment, the wall thickness T isslightly greater at the center portion 130 of the channel 140 than atthe heel and toe portions 131, 132. In a different embodiment, the wallthickness may be smaller at the center portion 130, as compared to theheel and toe portions 131, 132. The wall thickness T in either of theseembodiments may gradually increase or decrease to create thesedifferences in wall thickness in one embodiment. The wall thickness T inthe channel 140 may have one or more “steps” in wall thickness to createthese differences in wall thickness in another embodiment, or thechannel 140 may have a combination of gradual and step changes in wallthickness. In a further embodiment, the entire channel 140, or at leastthe majority of the channel 140, may have a consistent wall thickness T.It is understood that any of the embodiments in FIGS. 1-33 may have anyof these wall thickness T configurations.

The heel and toe portions 131, 132 of the channel 140 may have differentcross-sectional shapes and/or profiles than the center portion 130. Forexample, as seen in FIGS. 7-10, the heel and toe portions 131, 132 havea more angular and less smoothly-curved cross-sectional shape ascompared to the center portion 130, which has a semi-circular or othercurvilinear cross-section. In other embodiments, the center portion 130may also be angularly shaped, such as by having a rectangular ortrapezoidal cross section, and/or the heel and toe portions 131, 132 mayhave a more smoothly-curved and/or semi-circular cross-sectional shape.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-13, the channel 140 is spaced fromthe bottom edge 113 of the face 112, with a spacing portion 154 definedbetween the front edge 146 of the channel 140 and the bottom edge 113.The spacing portion 154 is located immediately adjacent the channel 140and junctures with one of the side walls 152 of the channel 140 alongthe front edge 146 of the channel 140, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 7-10. Inthis embodiment, the spacing portion 154 is oriented at an angle to theball striking surface 110 and extends rearward from the bottom edge 113of the face 112 to the channel 140. In various embodiments, the spacingportion 154 may be oriented with respect to the ball striking surface110 at an acute (i.e. <90°), obtuse (i.e.)>90°, or right angle. Forcefrom an impact on the face 112 can be transferred to the channel 140through the spacing portion 154, as described below. The spacing portion154 may have a distance S as illustrated in FIG. 7A. In otherembodiments, the spacing portion 154 may be oriented at a right angle oran obtuse angle to the ball striking surface 110, and/or the spacingportion 154 may have a different distance S than shown in FIGS. 1A and7-13. The spacing portion 154 may be larger when measured in thedirection of the Y-axis 16 at the center portion of the channel 140 thanon the heel and toe portions 131, 132 or the spacing portion 154 may bethe same dimension to the center, heel and toe portions 131, 132.Alternatively, the spacing portion 154 may be smaller when measured inthe direction of the Y-axis 16 at the center portion of the channel 140than on the heel and toe portions 131, 132.

In one embodiment, part or the entire channel 140 may have surfacetexturing or another surface treatment, or another type of treatmentthat affects the properties of the channel 140. For example, certainsurface treatments, such as peening, coating, etc., may increase thestiffness of the channel and reduce flexing. As another example, othersurface treatments may be used to create greater flexibility in thechannel 140. As a further example, surface treatments may increase thesmoothness of the channel 140 and/or the smoothness of transitions (e.g.the edges 146, 148) of the channel 140, which can influenceaerodynamics, interaction with playing surfaces, visual appearance, etc.Further surface texturing or other surface treatments may be used aswell. Examples of such treatments that may affect the properties of thechannel 140 include heat treatment, which may be performed on the entirehead 102 (or the body 108 without the face 112), or which may beperformed in a localized manner, such as heat treating of only thechannel 140 or at least a portion thereof. Cryogenic treatment orsurface treatments may be performed in a bulk or localized manner aswell. Surface treatments may be performed on either or both of the innerand outer surfaces of the head 102 as well.

The compression channel 140 of the head 102 shown in FIGS. 1-13 caninfluence the impact of a ball (not shown) on the face 112 of the head102. In one embodiment, the channel 140 can influence the impact byflexing and/or compressing in response to the impact on the face 112,which may influence the stiffness/flexibility of the impact response ofthe face 112. For example, when the ball impacts the face 112, the face112 flexes inwardly. Additionally, some of the impact force istransferred through the spacing portion 154 to the channel 140, causingthe sole 118 to flex at the channel 140. This flexing of the channel 140may assist in achieving greater impact efficiency and greater ball speedat impact. The more gradual impact created by the flexing also creates alonger impact time, which can also result in greater energy and velocitytransfer to the ball during impact. Further, because the channel 140extends into the heel 120 and toe 122, the head 102 higher ball speedfor impacts that are away from the center or traditional “sweet spot” ofthe face 112. It is understood that one or more channels 140 may beadditionally or alternately incorporated into the crown 116 and/or sides120, 122 of the body 108 in order to produce similar effects. Forexample, in one embodiment, the head 102 may have one or more channels140 extending completely or substantially completely around theperiphery of the body 108, such as shown in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/308,036, filed Nov. 30, 2011, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 may havedifferent stiffness than other areas of the channel 140 and the sole 118in general, and contributes to the properties of the face 112 at impactin one embodiment. For example, in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-13, thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 is less flexible than the heel andtoe portions 131, 132, due to differences in geometry, wall thickness,etc., as discussed elsewhere herein. The portions of the face 112 aroundthe center 40 are generally the most flexible, and thus, lessflexibility from the channel 140 is needed for impacts proximate theface center 40. The portions of the face 112 more proximate the heel 120and toe 122 are generally less flexible, and thus, the heel and/or toeportions 131, 132 of the channel 140 are more flexible to compensate forthe reduced flexibility of the face 112 for impacts near the heel 120and the toe 122. This permits the club head 102 to transfer more impactenergy to the ball and/or increase ball speed on off-center hits, suchas by reducing energy loss due to ball deformation. In anotherembodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 may be moreflexible than the heel and toe portions 131, 132, to achieve differenteffects. The flexibility of various portions of the channel 140 may beconfigured to be complementary to the flexibility and/or dimensions(e.g., height, thickness, etc.) of adjacent portions of the face 112,and vice versa. It is understood that certain features of the head 102(e.g. the access 128) may influence the flexibility of the channel 140.It is also understood that various structural features of the channel140 and/or the center portion 130 thereof may influence the impactproperties achieved by the club head 102, as well as the impact responseof the face 112, as described elsewhere herein. For example, smallerwidth W, smaller depth D, and larger wall thickness T can create a lessflexible channel 140 (or portion thereof), and greater width W, greaterdepth D, and smaller wall thickness T can create a more flexible channel140 (or portion thereof). Use of different structural materials and/oruse of filler materials in different portions of the head 102 ordifferent portions of the channel 140 can also create differentflexibilities. It is understood that other structural features on thehead 102 other than the channel 140 may influence the flexibility of thechannel 140, such as the thickness of the sole 118 and/or the variousstructural ribs described elsewhere herein.

The relative dimensions of portions of the channel 140, the face 112,and the adjacent areas of the body 108 may influence the overallresponse of the head 102 upon impacts on the face 112, including ballspeed, twisting of the club head 102 on off-center hits, spin impartedto the ball, etc. For example, a wider width W channel 140, a deeperdepth D channel 140, a smaller wall thickness T at the channel 140, asmaller space S between the channel 140 and the face 112, and/or agreater face height 56 of the face 112 can create a more flexible impactresponse on the face 112. Conversely, a narrower width W channel 140, ashallower depth D channel 140, a greater wall thickness T at the channel140, a larger space S between the channel 140 and the face 112, and/or asmaller face height 56 of the face 112 can create a more rigid impactresponse on the face 112. The length of the channel 140 and/or thecenter portion 130 thereof can also influence the impact properties ofthe face 112 on off-center hits, and the dimensions of these otherstructures relative to the length of the channel may indicate that theclub head has a more rigid or flexible impact response at the heel andtoe areas of the face 112. Thus, the relative dimensions of thesestructures can be important in providing performance characteristics forimpact on the face 112, and some or all of such relative dimensions maybe critical in achieving desired performance. Some of such relativedimensions are described in greater detail below. In one embodiment of aclub head 102 as shown in FIGS. 1-13, the length (heel to toe) of thecenter portion 130 is approximately 30.0 mm. It is understood that theproperties described below with respect to the center portion 130 of thechannel 140 (e.g., length, width W, depth D, wall thickness T)correspond to the dimension that is measured on a vertical planeextending through the face center FC, and that the center portion 130 ofthe channel 140 may extend farther toward the heel 120 and the toe 122with these same or similar dimensions, as described above. It is alsounderstood that other structures and characteristics may also affect theimpact properties of the face 112, including the thickness of the face112, the materials from which the face 112, channel 140, or otherportions of the head 102 are made, the stiffness or flexibility of theportions of the body 108 behind the channel 140, any internal orexternal rib structures, etc.

The channel 140 may have a center portion 130 and heel and toe portions131, 132 on opposed sides of the center portion 130, as described above.In one embodiment, the center portion 130 has a substantially constantwidth (front to rear), or in other words, may have a width that variesno more than +/−10% across the entire length (measured along the heel120 to toe 122 direction) of the center portion 130. The ends 133, 134of the center portion 130 may be considered to be at the locations wherethe width begins to increase and/or the point where the width exceeds+/−10% difference from the width W along a vertical plane passingthrough the face center FC. In another embodiment, the width W of thecenter portion 130 may vary no more than +/−5%, and the ends 133, 134may be considered to be at the locations where the width exceeds +/−5%difference from the width W along a vertical plane passing through thegeometric centerline of the sole 118 and/or the body 108. The centerportion 130 may also have a depth D and/or wall thickness T thatsubstantially constant and/or varies no more than +/−5% or 10% along theentire length of the center portion 130. The embodiments shown in FIGS.14-20 and described elsewhere herein may have channels 140 with centerportions 130 that are defined in the same manner(s) as described hereinwith respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-13.

In one embodiment of a club head 102 as shown in FIGS. 1-13 and 34A-34B,the depth D of the center portion 130 of the channel may beapproximately 2.5 mm+/−0.1 mm, or may be in the range of 2.0-3.0 mm inanother embodiment. Additionally, in one embodiment of a club head 102as shown in FIGS. 1-13, the width W of the center portion 130 of thechannel 140 may be approximately 9.0 mm+/−0.1 mm, or may be in the rangeof 8.0-10.0 mm in another embodiment. In one embodiment of a club head102 as shown in FIGS. 1-13, the rearward spacing S of the center portion130 of the channel 140 from the face 112 may be approximately 8.5 mm. Inthese embodiments, the depth D, the width W, and the spacing S do notvary more than +/−5% or +/−10% over the entire length of the centerportion 130. The club head 102 as shown in FIGS. 14-20 may have achannel 140 with a center portion 130 having similar width W, depth D,and spacing S in one embodiment. It is understood that the channel 140may have a different configuration in another embodiment.

The club head 102 in any of the embodiments described herein may have awall thickness T in the channel 140 that is different from the wallthickness T at other locations on the body 108 and/or may have differentwall thicknesses at different portions of the channel 140. The wallthickness T at any point on the club head 102 can be measured as theminimum distance between the inner and outer surfaces, and thismeasurement technique is considered to be implied herein, unlessexplicitly described otherwise. Wall thicknesses T in other embodiments(e.g., as shown in FIGS. 14-33) may be measured using these sametechniques. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-13, the wallthickness T is greater at the center portion 130 of the channel 140 thanat the toe portion 132. This smaller wall thickness T at the toe portion132 helps to compensate for the smaller face height 56 toward the toe122, in order to increase response of the face 112. In general, the wallthickness T is approximately 1.25 to 1.75 times thicker, orapproximately 1.5 times thicker, in the center portion 130 as comparedto the toe portion 132. Areas of the center portion 130 may havethicknesses that are approximately 1.5 to 3.25 times thicker than thetoe portion 132. In one example, the wall thickness in the centerportion 130 of the channel 140 may be approximately 1.1 mm or 1.0 to 1.2mm, and the wall thickness T in the toe portion 132 (or at least aportion thereof) may be approximately 0.7 mm or 0.6 to 0.8 mm. In theembodiment of FIGS. 1-13, the front edge 146 of the center portion 130of the channel has a wall thickness T that is approximately 1.8 mm or1.7 to 1.9 mm, and the wall thickness T decreases to approximately 1.1mm at the trough 150. In this embodiment, the wall thickness T isgenerally constant between the trough 150 and the rear edge 148. Thewall thickness T is generally constant along the length of the centerportion 130 in one embodiment, i.e., areas that are equally spaced fromthe front and rear edges 146, 148 will generally have equal thicknesses,while areas that are different distances from the front and rear edges146, 148 may have different thicknesses. The wall thickness T in theembodiment in FIGS. 1-13 is greater in at least some areas of the heelportion 131, as compared to the center portion 130, in order to provideincreased structural strength for the hosel interconnection structurethat extends through the sole 118 of the head 102. For example, the wallthickness T of the heel portion 131 may be greater in the areassurrounding the access 128. Other areas of the heel portion 131 may havea wall thickness T similar to that of the center portion 130 or the toeportion 132. In one embodiment, the wall thickness T in the heel portion131 is greatest at the trough 150 and is smaller (e.g., similar to thatof the toe portion 132) at the rear sidewall 152 that extends from thetrough 150 to the rear edge 148. The wall thickness T at the centerportion 130 is also greater than the wall thickness in at least someother portions of the sole 118. It is understood that “wall thickness” Tas referred to herein may be considered to be a target or average wallthickness at a specified area.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20, the center portion 130 of the channel140 has a substantially constant wall thickness T of approximately 1.2mm or 1.1 to 1.3 mm. The heel and toe portions 131, 132 of the channel140 in FIGS. 14-20 have approximately the same thickness profiles asdescribed herein with respect to FIGS. 1-13. Therefore, in general, theembodiments of FIGS. 1-13 and 14-20 may be described as having a wallthickness T in the center portion 130 that is 1.0 to 1.3 mm and a wallthickness T in the heel and/or toe portions 131, 132 that is 0.6 to 0.8mm. This general embodiment may also be considered to have an overallwall thickness T range in the center portion 130 of 1.0 to 1.9 mm, andan overall wall thickness T over the entire channel 140 of 0.6 to 1.9mm. This general embodiment may further be considered to have a wallthickness T in the center portion 130 that is 1.25 to 2.25 times greaterthan the wall thickness T in the heel portion 131 and/or the toe portion132. It is understood that the channel 140 of FIGS. 1-13 may be used inconnection with the head 102 of FIGS. 14-20, and vice versa.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 in FIGS. 1-13 may have relative dimensions withrespect to each other that may be expressed by ratios. In oneembodiment, the channel 140 has a width W and a wall thickness T in thecenter portion 130 that are in a ratio of approximately 8:1 to 10:1(width/thickness). In one embodiment, the channel 140 has a width W anda depth D in the center portion 130 that are in a ratio of approximately3.5:1 to 4.5:1 (width/depth). In one embodiment, the channel 140 has adepth D and a wall thickness T in the center portion 130 that are in aratio of approximately 2:1 to 2.5:1 (depth/thickness). In oneembodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 has a length and awidth W that are in a ratio of approximately 3:1 to 4:1 (length/width).In one embodiment, the face 112 has a face width (heel to toe) and thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 has a length (heel to toe) thatare in a ratio of 2.5:1 to 3.5:1 (face width/channel length). The edgesof the striking surface 110 for measuring face width may be located inthe same manner used in connection with United States Golf Association(USGA) standard measuring procedures from the “Procedure for Measuringthe Flexibility of a Golf Clubhead”, USGA TPX-3004, Revision 2.0, Mar.25, 2005. In other embodiments, the channel 140 may have structure withdifferent relative dimensions.

Void Structure of Club Head

The club head 102 may utilize a geometric weighting feature in someembodiments, which can provide for reduced head weight and/orredistributed weight to achieve desired performance. For example, in theembodiment of FIGS. 1-13, the head 102 has a void 160 defined in thebody 108, and may be considered to have a portion removed from the body108 to define the void 160. In one embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1A and8, the sole 118 of the body 108 has a base member 163 and a first leg164 and a second leg 165 extending rearward from the base member 163 onopposite sides of the void 160. The base member 163 generally defines atleast a central portion of the sole 118, such that the channel 140extends across the base member 163. The base member 163 may beconsidered to extend to the bottom edge 113 of the face 112 in oneembodiment. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 8, the first leg 164 and the secondleg 165 extend away from the base member 163 and away from the ballstriking face 112. The first leg 164 and the second leg 165 in thisembodiment extend respectively towards the rear 126 of the club at theheel 120 and toe 122 of the club head 102. Additionally, in theembodiment of FIGS. 1A and 8, an interface area 168 is defined at thelocation where the legs 164, 165 meet, and the legs 164, 165 extendcontinuously from the interface area 168 outwardly towards the heel 120and toe 122 of the club head 102. It is understood that the legs 164,165 may extend at different lengths to achieve different weightdistribution and performance characteristics. The width of the basemember 163 between the channel 140 and the interface area 168 maycontribute to the response of the channel through impact. This basemember width can be approximately 18 mm, or may be in a range of 11 mmto 25 mm.

In one embodiment the void 160 is generally V-shaped, as illustrated inFIGS. 1A and 8. In this configuration, the legs 164, 165 convergetowards one another and generally meet at the interface area 168 todefine this V-shape. The void 160 has a wider dimension at the rear 126of the club head 102 and a more narrow dimension proximate a centralregion of the club head 102 generally at the interface area 168. Thevoid 160 opens to the rear 126 of the club head 102 and to the bottom inthis configuration. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 7-10, the void 160 isdefined between the legs 164, 165, and has a cover 161 defining the topof the void 160. The cover 161 in this embodiment connects to the crown116 around the rear 126 of the club head 102 and extends such that aspace 162 is defined between the cover 161 and the crown 116. This space162 is positioned over the void 160 and may form a portion of the innercavity 106 of the club head 102 in one embodiment. The inner cavity 106in this configuration may extend the entire distance from the face 112to the rear 126 of the club head 102. In another embodiment, at leastsome of the space 162 between the cover 161 and the crown 116 may befilled or absent, such that the inner cavity 106 does not extend to therear 126 of the club head 102. The cover 161 in the embodiment of FIGS.1A and 7-10 also extends between the legs 164, 165 and forms the topsurface of the void 160. In a further embodiment, the void 160 may be atleast partially open and/or in communication with the inner cavity 106of the club head 102, such that the inner cavity 106 is not fullyenclosed.

In one exemplary embodiment, the interface area 168 has a height definedbetween the cover 161 and the sole 118, and is positioned proximate acentral portion or region of the body 108 and defines a base supportwall 170 having a surface that faces into the void 160. The base supportwall 170 extends from the cover 161 to the sole 118 in one embodiment.Additionally, as illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 8, the base support wall170 projects into the void 160 and has side surfaces 171 extending fromthe interface area 168 rearwardly into the void 160. In the embodimentof FIGS. 1A and 8, the first leg 164 defines a first wall 166, and thesecond leg 165 defines a second wall 167. A proximal end of the firstwall 166 connects to one side of the base support wall 170, and aproximal end of the second wall 167 connects to the opposite side of thebase support wall 170. The walls 166, 167 may be connected to the basesupport wall 170 via the side surfaces 171 of the base support wall 170,as shown in FIGS. 1A and 8. It is understood that the legs 164, 165 andwalls 166, 167 can vary in length and can also be different lengths fromeach other in other embodiments. External surfaces of the walls 166, 167face into the void 160 and may be considered to form a portion of anexterior of the golf club head 102.

The walls 166, 167 in the embodiment of FIGS. 1A and 8 are angled orotherwise divergent away from each other, extending outwardly toward theheel 120 and toe 122 from the interface area 168. The walls 166, 167 mayfurther be angled with respect to a vertical plane relative to eachother as well. Each of the walls 166, 167 has a distal end portion 169at the rear 126 of the body 108. In one embodiment, the distal endportions 169 are angled with respect to the majority portion of eachwall 166, 167. The distal end portions 169 may be angled inwardly withrespect to the majority portions of the walls 166, 167, as shown in theembodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 8, or the distal end portions 169 maybe angled outwardly or not angled at all with respect to the majorityportions of the walls 166, 167 in another embodiment. The legs 164, 165may have similarly angled distal end portions 151. In the embodiment ofFIGS. 1A and 8, the walls 166, 167 (including the distal end portions169) have angled surfaces 172 proximate the sole 118, that angle fartheroutwardly with respect to the upper portions 173 of each wall 166, 167proximate the cover 161. In this configuration, the upper portions 173of each wall 166, 167 are closer to vertical (and may be substantiallyvertical), and the angled surfaces 172 angle outwardly to increase theperiphery of the void 160 proximate the sole 118. The base support wall170 in this embodiment has a similar configuration, being closer tovertical with an angled surface 174 angled farther outwardly proximatethe sole 118. This configuration of the walls 166, 167 and the basesupport wall 170 may provide increased strength relative to a completelyflat surface. In a configuration such as shown in FIGS. 1A and 8, wherethe walls 166, 167 and/or the base support wall 170 are angledoutwardly, the void 160 may have an upper perimeter defined at the cover161 and a lower perimeter defined at the sole 118 that is larger thanthe upper perimeter. In another embodiment, the walls 166, 167 and/orthe base support wall 170 may have different configurations.Additionally, the respective heights of the walls 166, 167, and thedistal end portions 169 thereof, are greatest proximate the interfacearea 168 and decrease towards the rear 126 of the club head 102 in theembodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 8. This configuration may also bedifferent in other embodiments.

In one embodiment, the walls 166, 167, the base support wall 170, and/orthe cover 161 may each have a thin wall construction, such that each ofthese components has inner surfaces facing into the inner cavity 106 ofthe club head 102. In another embodiment, one or more of thesecomponents may have a thicker wall construction, such that a portion ofthe body 108 is solid. Additionally, the walls 166, 167, the basesupport wall 170, and the cover 161 may all be integrally connected tothe adjacent components of the body 108, such as the base member 163 andthe legs 164, 165. For example, at least a portion of the body 108including the walls 166, 167, the base support wall 170, the cover 161,the base member 163, and the legs 164, 165 may be formed of a single,integrally formed piece, e.g., by casting. Such an integral piece mayfurther include other components of the body 108, such as the entiresole 118 (including the channel 140) or the entire club head body 108.As another example, the walls 166, 167, the base support wall 170,and/or the cover 161 may be connected to the sole 118 by welding orother integral joining technique to form a single piece. In anotherembodiment, the walls 166, 167, the base support wall 170, and/or thecover 161 may be formed of separate pieces. For example, in theembodiment of FIGS. 14-20, the walls 166, 167, the base support wall170, and the cover 161 are formed as a single separate piece that isinserted into an opening 175 in the sole 118, as described in greaterdetail below. In another embodiment, the cover 161 may be formed of aseparate piece, such as a non-metallic piece.

An angle may be defined between the legs 164, 165 in one embodiment,which angle can vary in degree, and may be, e.g., a right angle, acuteangle or obtuse angle. For example, the angle can be in the generalrange of 30 degrees to 110 degrees, and more specifically 45 degrees to90 degrees. The angle between the legs 164, 165 may be relativelyconstant at the sole 118 and at the cover 161 in one embodiment. Inanother embodiment, this angle may be different at a location proximatethe sole 118 compared to a location proximate the cover 161, as thewalls 166, 167 may angle or otherwise diverge away from each other.Additionally, in other embodiments, the void 160 may be asymmetrical,offset, rotated, etc., with respect to the configuration shown in FIGS.1-13, and the angle between the legs 164, 165 in such a configurationmay not be measured symmetrically with respect to the vertical planepassing through the center(s) of the face 112 and/or the body 108 of theclub head 102. It is understood that the void 160 may have a differentshape in other embodiments, and may not have a V-shape and/or adefinable “angle” between the legs 164, 165.

In another embodiment, the walls 166, 167 may be connected to theunderside of the crown 116 of the body 108, such that the legs 164, 165depend from the underside of the crown 116. In other words, the cover161 may be considered to be defined by the underside of the crown 116.In this manner, the crown 116 may be tied or connected to the sole 118by these structures in one embodiment. It is understood that the space162 between the cover 161 and the underside of the crown 116 in thisembodiment may be partially or completely nonexistent.

Driver #2—Channel Parameters

FIGS. 14-20 illustrate another embodiment of a golf club head 102 in theform of a driver. The head 102 of FIGS. 14-20 includes many featuressimilar to the head 102 of FIGS. 1-13, and such common features areidentified with similar reference numbers. For example, the head 102 ofFIGS. 14-20 has a channel 140 that is similar to the channel 140 in theembodiment of FIGS. 1-13, having a center portion 130 with a generallyconstant width W and depth D and heel and toe portions 131, 132 withincreased width W and depth D. In the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20, thehead 102 has a face that has a smaller face height 56 than the face 112of the head 102 in FIGS. 1-13 (measured as described herein), which maytend to decrease the flexibility of the face 112. It is understood thatother aspects of the head 102 may operate to affect the flexibility ofthe face 112, such as face thickness, overall face size, materialsand/or material properties (e.g., Young's modulus), curvature of theface, stiffening structures, etc. In one embodiment, the smaller faceheight 56 of the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20 may be compensated withdecreased face thickness and/or modulus, to increase the flexibility ofthe face 112. Additionally, in one embodiment, the channel 140 may haveincreased flexibility to offset the reduced flexibility of the face 112,thereby producing a consistent CT measurement. As described above,channel flexibility may be influenced by factors such as the width W,the depth D, wall thickness T, etc., of the channel 140.

As described above, in the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20, the center portion130 of the channel 140 has a substantially constant wall thickness T ofapproximately 1.2 mm or 1.1-1.3 mm. The heel and toe portions 131, 132of the channel 140 in FIGS. 14-20 have approximately the same wallthickness profiles as described herein with respect to FIGS. 1-13.Additionally, as stated above, in the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20, theface height 56 is smaller than the face height 56 of the embodiment ofFIGS. 1-13. For example, in one embodiment, the face height 56 for theclub head 102 in FIGS. 14-20 may be approximately 55.5 mm+/−0.5 mm.Further, in the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20, the rearward spacing S of thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 from the face 112 may beapproximately 7.0 mm. The relative dimensions (i.e., ratios) of theportions of the channel 140 described herein with respect to theembodiment of FIGS. 1-13 are similar for the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20,except for the ratios involving the face height 56, rearward spacing Sof the channel 140, and the wall thickness T in the center portion 130of the channel 140. Examples of these ratios for the embodiment of FIGS.14-20 are described below.

In one embodiment of a club head 102 as shown in FIGS. 14-20, thechannel 140 has a width W and a wall thickness T in the center portion130 that are in a ratio of approximately 7.5:1 to 9.5:1(width/thickness). In one embodiment, the channel 140 has a depth D anda wall thickness T in the center portion 130 that are in a ratio ofapproximately 1.5:1 to 2.5:1 (depth/thickness). The relative dimensionsof embodiments of the club head 102 of FIGS. 14-20 with respect to theface height 56 and the rearward spacing S of the channel 140 aredescribed elsewhere herein. In other embodiments, the channel 140 mayhave structure with different relative dimensions.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20, the head 102 has an opening 175 on thesole 118 that receives a separate sole piece 176 that forms at least aportion of the sole 118 of the club head 102. The sole piece 176 maypartially or completely define the void 160. In this embodiment, thehead 102 has a base member 163 and a first leg 164 and a second leg 165extending rearward from the base member 163, and an interface area 168between the legs 164, 165, similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-13. Thelegs 164, 165 both have distal end portions 151 that are angled withrespect to the majority portions of the legs 164, 165, as describedabove. The legs 164, 165 define the opening 175 between them, incombination with the interface area 168. In the embodiment of FIGS.14-17, the opening 175 extends to the rear 126 of the club head 102,such that the sole piece 176 is contiguous with the rear periphery ofthe club head 102; however in another embodiment (not shown), the body108 may have a rear member defining the rear edge of the opening 175.Additionally, the opening 175 is at least partially contiguous with theinternal cavity 106 of the club head 102 in the embodiment of FIGS.14-17. In another embodiment, one or more walls may isolate the opening175 from the internal cavity 106.

The sole piece 176 is configured to be received in the opening 175 andto completely cover the opening 175 in one embodiment, as shown in FIGS.14-15. The opening 175 in this embodiment is surrounded by a recessedledge 177 that supports the edge of the sole piece 176. In thisconfiguration, the edges of the sole piece 176 are nearly flush andslightly recessed from the adjacent surfaces of the sole 118 to protectthe finish on the sole piece 176. The sole piece 176 in this embodimentdefines a void 160 and a cover 161 over the top of the void 160, whichis spaced from the underside of the crown 116 to form a space 162. Thesole piece 176 in this embodiment also has legs 178, 179 that are angledand configured similarly to the legs 164, 165 of the body 108, and thelegs 178, 179 of the sole piece 176 are positioned adjacent the legs164, 165 of the body 108 when the sole piece 176 is received in theopening 175. Further, in this embodiment, the legs 178, 179 of the solepiece 176 define the walls 166, 167 facing into the void 160, havingangled distal end portions 169, and also having angled surfaces 172proximate the sole 118 that angle farther outwardly with respect to theupper portions 173 of each wall 166, 167. The shapes of the walls 166,167 and the void 160 are similar to the shapes of such components in theembodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-13.

The sole piece 176 may be connected and retained within the opening 175by a number of different structures and techniques, including adhesivesor other bonding materials, welding, brazing, or other integral joiningtechniques, use of mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws, bolts, etc.), oruse of interlocking structures, among others. In the embodiment of FIGS.14-17, the sole piece 176 may be connected and retained within theopening 175 by a combination of adhesive (e.g., applied around the ledge177) and mechanical interlocking structures. As illustrated in FIGS.14-17, the mechanical interlocking structures may include a notch orchannel 184 that is configured to receive an interlocking structure onthe body 108. In the embodiment of FIGS. 14-17, the channel 184 extendsalong the front and top sides of the sole piece 176, and receives one ormore structural ribs 185 connected to the internal surfaces of the head102 defining the inner cavity 106. The sole piece 176 may includeadditional structural ribs 189 to add stiffness and/or limit movement ofthe sole piece 176. This mechanical interlocking helps to retain thesole member 176 in position and resist movement of the sole member 176during swinging or striking of the club head 102. Other structures maybe used in additional embodiments.

A number of different materials may be used to form the sole piece 176in various embodiments, and the sole piece 176 may be formed from asingle material or multiple different materials. In one embodiment, thesole piece 176 may be formed of a polymeric material, which may includea fiber-reinforced polymer or other polymer-based composite material.For example, the sole piece 176 may be formed from a carbon-fiberreinforced nylon material in one embodiment, which provides low weightand good strength, stability, and environmental resistance, as well asother beneficial properties. Additionally, in one embodiment, the body108 may be formed by casting a single metallic piece (e.g., titaniumalloy) configured with the opening 175 for receiving the sole piece 176and another opening for connection to a face member to form the face112. It is understood that the components of the head 102 may be formedby any other materials and/or techniques described herein.

In one embodiment, the sole piece 176 may define one or more weightreceptacles configured to receive one or more removable weights. Forexample, the sole piece 176 in the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20 has aweight receptacle 180 in the form of a tube that is configured toreceive a cylindrical weight 181, with the receptacle 180 and the weight181 both having axes oriented generally in the front-to-rear direction.The axis of the receptacle 180 may be vertically inclined in oneembodiment, and the receptacle 180 in the embodiment of FIGS. 14-20 hasan axis that is slightly vertically inclined. The weight receptacle 180in this embodiment is formed by a tube member 182 that extendsrearwardly from the interface area 168, having an opening 183 proximatethe rear 126 of the club head 102, where the weight 181 is configured tobe inserted through the opening 183. The tube member 182 in thisembodiment is positioned within the void 160. In another embodiment, thesole piece 176 may have the weight receptacle 180 oriented in adifferent direction, such as the crown-sole direction, the heel-toedirection, or any number of angled directions, and/or the sole piece 176may define multiple weight receptacles 180. The weight 181 may have oneend 181 a that is heavier than an opposite end 181 b, such that theweight 181 can be inserted into the receptacle 180 in multiple weightingconfigurations. For example, the weight 181 may be inserted in a firstconfiguration, where the heavy end 181 a is closer to the face 112 andthe lighter end 181 b is closer to the rear 126, shifting the CG of theclub head 102 forward. As another example, the weight 181 may beinserted in a second configuration, where the heavy end 181 a is closerto the rear 126 and the lighter end 181 b is closer to the face 112,shifting the CG of the club head 102 rearward. Thus, differing weightingcharacteristics and arrangements are possible to alter the performancecharacteristics of the club head 102. For example, in one embodiment,the weight 181 may be configured such that the CG 26 of the club head102 can be moved from 1-5 mm (or at least 2 mm) by switching the weight181 between the first and second configurations. The weight 181 may beconfigured with differently weighted portions by use of multiple piecesof different materials connected to each other (e.g., aluminum andtungsten), by use of weighted doping materials (e.g., a polymer memberthat has tungsten powder filler in one portion), or other structures.

The weight receptacle 180 and/or the weight 181 may have structures tolock or otherwise retain the weight 181 within the receptacle 180. Forexample, in one embodiment, the weight 181 may include one or morelocking members 186 in the form of projections on the outer surface,which are engageable with one or more engagement structures 187 withinthe receptacle 180 to retain the weight 181 in place, such as slots onthe inner surface of the receptacle 180. The locking members 186illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 17-20 have ramp surfaces 188 and areconfigured to be engaged with the engagement structures 187 by rotatingthe weight 181, which shifts the locking members 186 into engagementwith the engagement structures 187 in a “quarter-turn” configuration.The ramp surfaces 188 facilitate this engagement by permitting someerror in the axial positioning of the weight 181. In another embodiment,the locking member(s) 186 may be in the form of flexible tabs or othercomplementary locking structure. In another embodiment, a separateretainer may be used, such as a cap that fits over the opening 183 ofthe receptacle 180 to retain the weight 181 in place. For example, thecap may be connected to the receptacle 180 by a snap configuration, athreaded configuration, a quarter-turn configuration, or otherengagement technique, or by an adhesive or other bonding material. Theweight 181 may have a vibration damper 190 on one or both ends 181 a,181 b, such as shown in FIG. 14. In the embodiment in FIG. 14, thedamper 190 is inserted into the receptacle 180 in front of the weight181 to support the weight 181 for vibrational and/or stabilizationpurposes (i.e., accounting for tolerances to ensure a tight fit). Thedamper 190 may have a projection (not shown) that fits into a hole 191at either end of the weight 181, such as a fastener drive hole. In afurther embodiment, the weight 181 illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 20 may bein the form of a shell member that includes the locking members 186 forengagement with the receptacle 180 and is configured to receive one ormore free weights inside, as described in greater detail below. Forexample, such a shell member may receive several stacked cylindricalweights having different densities to create the differential weightingconfiguration described above, with a cap connected to one end to permitthe weights to be inserted or removed from the shell member. The weight181 and/or the receptacle 180 may have further configurations in otherembodiments.

The weight 181 in one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 20, is formedof a shell 192 that has an internal cavity receiving one or more weightmembers 195, with caps 193 on one or both ends 181 a,b. The weightmember(s) 195 may be configured to create the differential weightingarrangement described above, where one end 181 a is heavier than theother end 181 b. For example, the weight member(s) 195 may be a singleweight member with differently weighted portions, or may be multipleweight members (two or more) that are inserted into the shell 192 andmay or may not be fixedly connected together. One or more spacers,dampers, or other structures may further be inserted into the shell 192along with the weight member(s). In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 20,the cap(s) 193 may have outer retaining members 194 that engage theinner surfaces of the shell 192 to retain the cap 193 to the shell 192,such as by interference or friction fit. The cap(s) 193 may have outerthreading, and the shell 192 may have complementary threading to matewith the threading on the cap(s) 193, in another embodiment. Otherretaining structures for the cap(s) 193 may be used in otherembodiments, such as various snapping and locking structures, and it isunderstood that the retaining structure may be releasable andreconnectable in one embodiment, to allow changing of the weightmembers. The weight 181 may have only a single end cap 193 in anotherembodiment. The shell 192 has the locking members 186 thereon, and formsa structural support and retaining structure for the weight membersinside, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 20. The configurations ofthe weight 181 and/or the receptacle 180 shown and described hereinprovide a number of different weighting configurations for the clubhead, as well as quick and easy adjustment between such weightingconfigurations.

Fairway Wood—Channel Parameters

FIGS. 21-26D and FIGS. 36-37F illustrate an additional embodiment of agolf club head 102 in the form of a fairway wood golf club head. Theheads 102 of FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F include many features similar tothe head 102 of FIGS. 1-13 and the head 102 of FIGS. 14-20, and suchcommon features are identified with similar reference numbers. Forexample, the head 102 of FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F has a channel 140 thatis similar to the channels 140 in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-20, havinga center portion 130 with a generally constant width W and depth D andheel and toe portions 131, 132 with increased width and/or depth.Generally, the center portions 130 of the channels 140 in the heads 102of these embodiments are deeper and more recessed from the adjacentsurfaces of the body 108, as compared to the channels 140 in theembodiments of FIGS. 1-20. In this embodiment, the head 102 has a facethat has a smaller height than the faces 112 of the heads 102 in FIGS.1-20, which tends to reduce the amount of flexibility of the face 112.In one embodiment, the face height 56 of the heads 102 in FIGS. 21-26Dand 36-37F may range from 28-40 mm. The deeper recess of the centerportion 130 of the channel 140 in this embodiment results in increasedflexibility of the channel 140, which helps to offset the reducedflexibility of the face 112. Conversely, the heel and toe portions 131,132 of the channel 140 in the embodiment of FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F areshallower in depth D than the heel and toe portions 131, 132 of theembodiments of FIGS. 1-20, and may have equal or even smaller depth Dthan the center portion 130. The heel and toe portions 131, 132 in thisembodiment have greater flexibility than the center portion 130, e.g.,due to smaller wall thickness T, greater width W, and/or greater depth Dat the heel and toe portions 131, 132 of the channel. This assists increating a more flexible impact response on the off-center areas of theface 112 toward the heel 120 and toe 122, as described above. Otherfeatures may further be used to increase or decrease overall flexibilityof the face 112, as described above. The face 112 of the head 102 inFIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F may be made of steel, which has higher strengththan titanium, but with lower face thickness to offset the reducedflexibility resulting from the higher strength material. As anotherexample, the club head 102 of FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F includes a void160 defined between two legs 164, 165, with a cover 161 defining the topof the void 160, similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 1-13.

In one embodiment of a club head 102 as shown in FIGS. 21-26D and36-37F, the depth D of the center portion 130 of the channel may beapproximately 9.0 mm+/−0.1 mm, or may be in the range of 8.0-10.0 mm inanother embodiment. Additionally, in one embodiment of a club head 102as shown in FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F, the width W of the center portion130 of the channel 140 may be approximately 9.0 mm+/−0.1 mm, or may bein the range of 8.0-10.0 mm in another embodiment. In one embodiment ofa club head 102 as shown in FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F, the rearwardspacing S of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 from the face 112may be approximately 7.0 mm, or may be approximately 9.0 mm in anotherembodiment. In these embodiments, the depth D, the width W, and thespacing S do not vary more than +/−5% or +/−10% over the entire lengthof the center portion 130. It is understood that the channel 140 mayhave a different configuration in another embodiment.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F, the wallthickness T is greater at the center portion 130 of the channel 140 thanat the heel and toe portion 131, 132. This smaller wall thickness T atthe heel and toe portions 131, 132 helps to compensate for the smallerface height 56 toward the heel and toe 120, 122, in order to increaseresponse of the face 112. In general, the wall thickness T in thisembodiment is approximately 1.25-2.25 times thicker in the centerportion 130 as compared to the toe portion 132, or approximately 1.7times thicker in one embodiment. In one example, the wall thickness T inthe center portion 130 of the channel 140 may be approximately 1.6 mm or1.5 to 1.7 mm, and the wall thickness T in the heel and toe portions131, 132 may be approximately 0.95 mm or 0.85 to 1.05 mm. These wallthicknesses T are generally constant throughout the center portion 130and the heel and toe portions 131, 132, in one embodiment. The wallthickness T at the center portion 130 in the embodiment of FIGS. 21-26Dand 36-37F is also greater than the wall thickness T in at least someother portions of the sole 118 in one embodiment, including the areas ofthe sole 118 located immediately adjacent to the rear edge 148 of thecenter portion 130. The sole 118 may have a thickened portion 125located immediately adjacent to the rear edge 148 of the channel 140that has a significantly greater wall thickness T than the channel 140,which adds sole weight to the head 102 to lower the CG.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 in FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F may have relativedimensions with respect to each other that may be expressed by ratios.In one embodiment, the channel 140 has a width D and a wall thickness Tin the center portion 130 that are in a ratio of approximately 5:1 to6.5:1 (width/thickness). In one embodiment, the channel 140 has a widthW and a depth D in the center portion 130 that are in a ratio ofapproximately 0.8:1 to 1.2:1 (width/depth). In one embodiment, thechannel 140 has a depth D and a wall thickness T in the center portion130 that are in a ratio of approximately 5:1 to 6.5:1 (depth/thickness).In one embodiment, the center portion of the channel 140 has a lengthand a width W that are in a ratio of approximately 4:1 to 4.5:1(length/width). In one embodiment, the face 112 has a face width (heelto toe) and the center portion 130 of the channel 140 has a length (heelto toe) that are in a ratio of 1.5:1 to 2.5:1 (face width/channellength). In other embodiments, the channel 140 may have structure withdifferent relative dimensions.

Hybrid Club Head—Channel Parameters

FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C illustrate an additional embodiment of a golfclub head 102 in the form of a hybrid golf club head. The head 102 ofFIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C includes many features similar to the heads 102of FIGS. 1-26D and 36-37F, and such common features are identified withsimilar reference numbers. For example, the head 102 of FIGS. 27-33 and38-39C has a channel 140 that similar to the channels 140 in theembodiments of FIGS. 1-26D and 36-37F, having a center portion 130 witha generally constant width W and depth D and heel and toe portions 131,132 with increased width W and/or depth D. Generally, the center portion130 of the channel 140 in the head 102 of this embodiment is deeper andmore recessed from the adjacent surfaces of the body 108, as compared tothe channels 140 in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-20. In this embodiment,the head 102 has a face that has a smaller height than the faces 112 ofthe heads 102 in FIGS. 1-20, which tends to reduce the amount offlexibility of the face 112. In one embodiment, the face height 56 ofthe head 102 in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C may range from 28-40 mm. Thedeeper recess of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 in thisembodiment results in increased flexibility of the channel 140, whichhelps to offset the reduced flexibility of the face 112. Conversely, theheel and toe portions 131, 132 of the channel 140 in the embodiment ofFIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C are shallower in depth D than the heel and toeportions 131, 132 of the embodiments of FIGS. 1-20, and may have equalor even smaller depth D than the center portion 130. The heel and toeportions 131, 132 in this embodiment have greater flexibility than thecenter portion 130, e.g., due to smaller wall thickness T, greater widthW, and/or greater depth D at the heel and toe portions 131, 132 of thechannel. This assists in creating a more flexible impact response on theoff-center areas of the face 112 toward the heel 120 and toe 122, asdescribed above. Other features may further be used to increase ordecrease overall flexibility of the face 112, as described above. Theface 112 of the head 102 in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C may be made of steel,which has higher strength than titanium, but with lower face thicknessto offset the reduced flexibility resulting from the higher strengthmaterial.

In one embodiment of a club head 102 as shown in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C,the depth D of the center portion 130 of the channel may beapproximately 8.0 mm+/−0.1 mm, or may be in the range of 7.0-9.0 mm inanother embodiment. Additionally, in one embodiment of a club head 102as shown in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C, the width W of the center portion130 of the channel 140 may be approximately 8.0 mm+/−0.1 mm, or may bein the range of 7.0-9.0 mm in another embodiment. In one embodiment of aclub head 102 as shown in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C, the rearward spacing Sof the center portion 130 of the channel 140 from the face 112 may beapproximately 8.0 mm, or may be approximately 6.0 mm in anotherembodiment. In these embodiments, the depth D, the width W, and thespacing S do not vary more than +/−5% or +/−10% over the entire lengthof the center portion 130. It is understood that the channel 140 mayhave a different configuration in another embodiment.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C, the wallthickness T is greater at the center portion 130 of the channel 140 thanat the heel and toe portion 131, 132. This smaller wall thickness T atthe heel and toe portions 131, 132 helps to compensate for the smallerface height 56 toward the heel and toe 120, 122, in order to increaseresponse of the face 112. In general, the wall thickness T in thisembodiment is approximately 1.0 to 2.0 times thicker in the centerportion 130 as compared to the toe portion 132, or approximately 1.6times thicker in one embodiment. In one example, the wall thickness T inthe center portion 130 of the channel 140 may be approximately 1.6 mm or1.5 to 1.7 mm, and the wall thickness T in the heel and toe portions131, 132 may be approximately 1.0 mm or 0.9 to 1.1 mm. These wallthicknesses T are generally constant throughout the center portion 130and the heel and toe portions 131, 132, in one embodiment. The wallthickness T at the center portion 130 in the embodiment of FIGS. 27-33and 38-39C is also greater than the wall thickness T in at least someother portions of the sole 118 in one embodiment. The sole 118 may havea thickened portion 125 located immediately adjacent to the rear edge148 of the channel 140 (at least behind the center portion 130) that hasa significantly greater wall thickness T than the channel 140, whichadds sole weight to the head 102 to lower the CG.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 in FIGS. 27-33 may have relative dimensions withrespect to each other that may be expressed by ratios. In oneembodiment, the channel 140 has a width W and a wall thickness T in thecenter portion 130 that are in a ratio of approximately 4.5:1 to 5.5:1(width/thickness). In one embodiment, the channel 140 has a width W anda depth D in the center portion 130 that are in a ratio of approximately0.8:1 to 1.2:1 (width/depth). In one embodiment, the channel 140 has adepth D and a wall thickness T in the center portion 130 that are in aratio of approximately 4.5:1 to 5.5:1 (depth/thickness). In oneembodiment, the center portion of the channel 140 has a length and awidth W that are in a ratio of approximately 4.5:1 to 5:1(length/width). In one embodiment, the face 112 has a face width (heelto toe) and the center portion 130 of the channel 140 has a length (heelto toe) that are in a ratio of 1.5:1 to 2.5:1 (face width/channellength). In other embodiments, the channel 140 may have structure withdifferent relative dimensions.

Channel Dimensional Relationships

The relationships between the dimensions and properties of the face 112and various features of the body 108 (e.g., the channel 140 and/or ribs185, 400, 402, 430, 432, 434, 480, 482, 550, 552, 600, 650, 652) caninfluence the overall response of the head 102 upon impacts on the face112, including ball speed, twisting of the club head 102 on off-centerhits, spin imparted to the ball, etc. Many of these relationshipsbetween the dimensions and properties of the face 112 and variousfeatures of the body 108 and channel 140 and/or ribs is shown in Tables1 and 2 below.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 in FIGS. 1-13 may have relative dimensions withrespect to the face height 56 of the head 102 that may be expressed byratios. In one embodiment, the face height 56 and the width W in thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratio of approximately6:1 to 7.5:1 (height/width). In one embodiment, the face height 56 andthe depth D in the center portion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratioof approximately 23:1 to 25:1 (height/depth). In one embodiment, theface height 56 and the wall thickness T in the center portion 130 of thechannel 140 are in a ratio of approximately 52:1 to 57:1(height/thickness). The face height 56 may be inversely related to thewidth W and depth D of the channel 140 in the heel and toe portions 131,132 in one embodiment, such that the width W and/or depth D of thechannel 140 increases as the face height 56 decreases toward the heel120 and toe 122. In one embodiment, the heel and toe portions 131, 132of the channel 140 may have a width W that varies with the face height56 in a substantially linear manner, with a slope (width/height) of−1.75 to −1.0. In one embodiment, the heel and toe portions 131, 132 ofthe channel 140 may have a depth D that varies with the face height 56in a substantially linear manner, with a slope (depth/height) of −1.5 to−0.75. In other embodiments, the channel 140 and/or the face 112 mayhave structure with different relative dimensions.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 in FIGS. 14-20 may have relative dimensions withrespect to the face height 56 of the head 102 that may be expressed byratios. In one embodiment, the face height 56 and the width W in thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratio of approximately5.5:1 to 6.5:1 (height/width). In one embodiment, the face height 56 andthe depth D in the center portion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratioof approximately 20:1 to 25:1 (height/depth). In one embodiment, theface height 56 and the wall thickness T in the center portion 130 of thechannel 140 are in a ratio of approximately 41:1 to 51:1(height/thickness). The face height 56 may be inversely related to thewidth and depth of the channel 140 in the heel and toe portions 131, 132in one embodiment, as similarly described above with respect to FIGS.1-13. In other embodiments, the channel 140 and/or the face 112 may havestructure with different relative dimensions.

The face height 56 in the embodiment of FIGS. 21-26D may vary based onthe loft angle. For example, for a 14 or 16° loft angle, the club head102 may have a face height 56 of approximately 36.4 mm or 36.9+/−0.5 mm.As another example, for a 19° loft angle, the club head 102 may have aface height 56 of approximately 35.1 mm or 37.5+/−0.5 mm. Other loftangles may result in different embodiments having similar or differentface heights.

The face height 56 in the embodiment of FIGS. 27-33 may vary based onthe loft angle. For example, for a 17-18° loft angle, the club head 102may have a face height 56 of approximately 35.4 mm+/−0.5 mm. As anotherexample, for a 19-20° loft angle, the club head 102 may have a faceheight 56 of approximately 34.4 mm+/−0.5 mm. As another example, for a23° or 26° loft angle, the club head 102 may have a face height 56 ofapproximately 34.5 mm+/−0.5 mm or 35.2 mm+/−0.5 mm. Other loft anglesmay result in different embodiments having similar or different faceheights.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 in FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F may have relativedimensions with respect to the face height 56 of the head 102 that maybe expressed by ratios. In one embodiment, the face height 56 and thewidth W in the center portion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratio ofapproximately 3.5:1 to 5:1 (height/width). In one embodiment, the faceheight 56 and the depth D in the center portion 130 of the channel 140are in a ratio of approximately 3.5:1 to 5:1 (height/depth). In oneembodiment, the face height 56 and the wall thickness T in the centerportion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratio of approximately 20:1 to25:1 (height/thickness). The face height 56 may be inversely related tothe width W and/or depth D of the channel 140 in the heel and toeportions 131, 132 in one embodiment, such that the width W and/or depthD of the channel 140 increases as the face height 56 decreases towardthe heel 120 and toe 122. In one embodiment, the heel and toe portions131, 132 of the channel 140 may have a width W that varies with the faceheight 56 in a substantially linear manner, with a slope (width/height)of −0.9 to −1.6. In other embodiments, the channel 140 and/or the face112 may have structure with different relative dimensions.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C may have relative dimensionswith respect to the face height 56 of the head 102 that may be expressedby ratios. In one embodiment, the face height 56 and the width W in thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratio of approximately3.5:1 to 4.5:1 (height/width). In one embodiment, the face height 56 andthe depth D in the center portion 130 of the channel 140 are in a ratioof approximately 3.5:1 to 4.5:1 (height/depth). In one embodiment, theface height 56 and the wall thickness T in the center portion 130 of thechannel 140 are in a ratio of approximately 20:1 to 25:1(height/thickness). The face height 56 may be inversely related to thewidth W and/or depth D of the channel 140 in the heel and toe portions131, 132 in one embodiment, such that the width W and/or depth D of thechannel 140 increases as the face height 56 decreases toward the heel120 and toe 122. In one embodiment, the heel and toe portions 131, 132of the channel 140 may have a width W that varies with the face height56 in a substantially linear manner, with a slope (width/height) of −0.8to −1.7. In other embodiments, the channel 140 and/or the face 112 mayhave structure with different relative dimensions.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 andthe face 112 of the club head 102 in FIGS. 1-13 may have relativedimensions with respect to the rearward spacing of the center portion130 from the face 112 that may be expressed by ratios. In oneembodiment, the face height 56 and the rearward spacing S between theface 112 and the front edge 146 of the center portion 130 of the channel140 are in a ratio of approximately 6.5:1 to 7.5:1 (height/spacing). Inone embodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 of the clubhead 102 has a rearward spacing S between the face 112 and the frontedge 146 and a width W that are in a ratio of approximately 0.8:1 to 1:1(spacing/width). In one embodiment, the center portion 130 of thechannel 140 of the club head 102 has a rearward spacing S between theface 112 and the front edge 146 and a depth D that are in a ratio ofapproximately 3:1 to 3.5:1 (spacing/depth). In one embodiment, thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 of the club head 102 has arearward spacing S between the face 112 and the front edge 146 and awall thickness T that are in a ratio of approximately 7.5:1 to 8:1(spacing/thickness). In other embodiments, the channel 140 and the face112 may have structure with different relative dimensions.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 andthe face 112 of the club head 102 in FIGS. 14-20 may have relativedimensions with respect to the rearward spacing S of the center portion130 from the face 112 that may be expressed by ratios. In oneembodiment, the face height 56 and the rearward spacing S between theface 112 and the front edge 146 of the center portion 130 of the channel140 are in a ratio of approximately 7:1 to 9:1 (height/spacing). In oneembodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 of the club head102 has a rearward spacing S between the face 112 and the front edge 146and a width W that are in a ratio of approximately 0.7:1 to 0.9:1(spacing/width). In one embodiment, the center portion 130 of thechannel 140 of the club head 102 has a rearward spacing S between theface 112 and the front edge 146 and a depth D that are in a ratio ofapproximately 2.5:1 to 3:1 (spacing/depth). In one embodiment, thecenter portion 130 of the channel 140 of the club head 102 has arearward spacing S between the face 112 and the front edge 146 and awall thickness T that are in a ratio of approximately 5.5:1 to 6:1(spacing/thickness). In other embodiments, the channel 140 and the face112 may have structure with different relative dimensions.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 andthe face 112 of the club head 102 in FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F may haverelative dimensions with respect to the rearward spacing S of the centerportion 130 from the face 112 that may be expressed by ratios. In oneembodiment, the face height 56 and the rearward spacing S between theface 112 and the front edge 146 of the center portion 130 of the channel140 are in a ratio of approximately 3.5:1 to 5.5:1 (height/spacing). Inother embodiments, the height/spacing ratio may be 4.5:1 to 5.5:1 or3.5:1 to 4.5:1. In one embodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel140 of the club head 102 has a rearward spacing S between the face 112and the front edge 146 and a width W that are in a ratio ofapproximately 0.6:1 to 1.15:1 (spacing/width). In other embodiments, thespacing/width ratio may be 0.6:1 to 0.9:1 or 0.85:1 to 1.15:1. In oneembodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 of the club head102 has a rearward spacing S between the face 112 and the front edge 146and a depth D that are in a ratio of approximately 0.7:1 to 1:1(spacing/depth). In other embodiments, the spacing/depth ratio may be0.6:1 to 0.9:1 or 0.85:1 to 1.15:1. In one embodiment, the centerportion 130 of the channel 140 of the club head 102 has a rearwardspacing S between the face 112 and the front edge 146 and a wallthickness T that are in a ratio of approximately 4.25:1 to 5.75:1(spacing/thickness). In other embodiments, the spacing/thickness ratiomay be 4:1 to 4.5:1 or 5.5:1 to 6:1. In further embodiments, the channel140 and the face 112 may have structure with different relativedimensions.

The various dimensions of the center portion 130 of the channel 140 andthe face 112 of the club head 102 in FIGS. 27-33 and 38-39C may haverelative dimensions with respect to the rearward spacing S of the centerportion 130 from the face 112 that may be expressed by ratios. In oneembodiment, the face height 56 and the rearward spacing S between theface 112 and the front edge 146 of the center portion 130 of the channel140 are in a ratio of approximately 4:1 to 6:1 (height/spacing). Inother embodiments, the height/spacing ratio may be 3.5:1 to 4.5:1 or 5:1to 6:1. In one embodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel 140 ofthe club head 102 has a rearward spacing S between the face 112 and thefront edge 146 and a width W that are in a ratio of approximately 0.5:1to 1.25:1 (spacing/width). In other embodiments, the spacing/width ratiomay be 0.8:1 to 1.2:1 or 0.5:1 to 0.9:1. In one embodiment, the centerportion 130 of the channel 140 of the club head 102 has a rearwardspacing S between the face 112 and the front edge 146 and a depth D thatare in a ratio of approximately 0.5:1 to 1.25:1 (spacing/depth). Inother embodiments, the spacing/width ratio may be 0.8:1 to 1.2:1 or0.5:1 to 0.9:1. In one embodiment, the center portion 130 of the channel140 of the club head 102 has a rearward spacing S between the face 112and the front edge 146 and a wall thickness T that are in a ratio ofapproximately 3.5:1 to 5.5:1 (spacing/thickness). In other embodiments,the spacing/thickness ratio may be 4.75:1 to 5.25:1 or 3.5:1 to 4:1. Infurther embodiments, the channel 140 and the face 112 may have structurewith different relative dimensions.

Structural Ribs of Club Head

The ball striking heads 102 according to the present invention caninclude additional features that can influence the impact of a ball onthe face 112, such as one or more structural ribs. Structural ribs can,for example, increase the stiffness or cross-sectional area moment ofinertia of the striking head 102 or any portion thereof. Strengtheningcertain portions of the striking head 102 with structural ribs canaffect the impact of a ball on the face 112 by focusing flexing tocertain parts of the ball striking head 102 including the channel 140.For example, in some embodiments, greater ball speed can be achieved atimpact, including at specific areas of the face 112, such as off-centerareas. Structural ribs and the locations of such ribs can also affectthe sound created by the impact of a ball on the face 112.

A golf club head 102 including channel 140 as described above, butwithout void 160 is shown in FIG. 34A. As shown in at least FIG. 34B,the club 102 of FIG. 34A can also include ribs 300, 302. The ribs canconnect to the interior side of the sole 118, and can extend betweeninterior portions of the rear 126 of the body 108 and the rear edge 148of the channel 140. In other embodiments, the ribs 300, 302 may notextend the entire distance between the interior portion of rear 126 ofthe body 108 and/or the interior of the rear edge 148 of the channel140, and in still other embodiments ribs 300, 302 can connect to thecrown 116. In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 34B, ribs 300, 302are generally parallel with one another and aligned in a generallyvertical plane or Z-axis 18 direction that is perpendicular to thestriking face 112. In other configurations, the ribs 300, 302 can beangled with respect to X-axis 14, Y-axis 16, or Z-axis 18 directionsand/or angled with respect to each other. The ribs 300, 302 can belocated anywhere in the heel-toe direction. For example, ribs 300, 302can be equally or unequally spaced in the heel-toe direction from thecenter of gravity or from the face center. In one embodiment, rib 300can be located approximately 8.2 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 30 mm towards the heel 120 from the face centerlocation 40 measured along the X-axis 14; and rib 302 can be locatedapproximately 25 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to45 mm towards the toe 122 from the face center location 40 measuredalong the X-axis 14. In another embodiment, rib 300 can be locatedapproximately 2.5 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to25 mm towards the heel 120 from the face center location 40 measuredalong the X-axis 14; and rib 302 can be located approximately 20.7mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to 35 mm towards thetoe 122 from the face center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14.

Each of the ribs 300, 302 have front end portions 304, 306 towards thefront 124 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib which canconnect to the interior of the rear edge 148 of the channel 140. Each ofthe ribs 300, 302 also has rear end portions 308 (not shown), 310 (notshown), towards the rear 126 of the body 108 extending to the edge ofthe rib which can extend and/or connect to the rear 126 of the body 108.The ribs 300, 302 also include upper portions 312, 314 extending to theedge of the rib and lower portions 316, 318 extending to the edge of therib. As shown in FIG. 34B the upper portions 312, 314 of ribs 300, 302can be curved, generally forming a concave curved shape. In otherembodiments the upper portions 312, 314 can have a convex curved shape,straight shape, or any other shape. The lower portions 316, 318 of theribs can connect to an interior of the sole 118 of the golf club.

Each rib 300, 302 also has first side and a second side and a rib widthdefined there between. The width of the rib can affect the strength andweight of the golf club. The ribs 300, 302 can have a substantiallyconstant rib width of approximately 0.9 mm+/−0.2 mm or may be in therange of approximately 0.5 to 5.0 mm, or can have a variable rib width.Additionally, in some embodiments, for example, the ribs 300, 302 canhave a thinner width portion throughout the majority or a center portionof the rib and a thicker width portion. The thicker width portion can benear the front end portions 304, 306, rear end portions 308, 310, upperportions 312, 314, or lower portions 316, 318, or any other part of therib. The thickness of the thicker width portion can be approximately 2to 3 times the width of the thinner portion.

Each rib 300, 302 may also have a maximum height measured along the ribin the Z-axis 18 direction. The maximum height of rib 300, 302 can beapproximately may be in the range of approximately 0 to 60.0 mm, and mayextend to the crown 116. Additionally, each rib 300, 302 may also have amaximum length, measured along the rib in the Y-axis 16 direction. Themaximum length of ribs 300, 302 may be in the range of approximately 0to 120.0 mm and can extend substantially to the rear 126 of the club.

While only two ribs 300, 302 are shown, any number of ribs can beincluded on the golf club. It is understood that the ribs may extend atdifferent lengths, widths, heights, and angles and have different shapesto achieve different weight distribution and performancecharacteristics.

The ribs 300, 302 may be formed of a single, integrally formed piece,e.g., by casting with the sole 118. Such an integral piece may furtherinclude other components of the body 108, such as the entire sole 118(including the channel 140) or the entire club head body 108. In otherembodiments the ribs 300, 302 can be connected to the crown 116 and/orsole 118 by welding or other integral joining technique to form a singlepiece.

In other embodiments club 102 can include internal and/or external ribs.As depicted in at least in FIGS. 1, 8, and 11C, the cover 161 caninclude external ribs 402, 404. In one embodiment, as illustrated inFIG. 8, external ribs 402, 404 are generally arranged in an angled orv-shaped alignment, and converge towards one another with respect to theY-axis 16 in a front 124 to rear 126 direction. In this configuration,the ribs 402, 404 converge towards one another at a point beyond therear 126 of the club. As shown in FIG. 8, the angle of the ribs 402, 404from the Y-axis 16 can be approximately 6.6 degrees+/−2 degree, or maybe in the range of 0-30 degrees, and approximately 8 degrees+/−2 degree,or may be in the range of 0-30 degrees respectively. In otherconfigurations, the ribs 402, 404 can angle away from one another or canbe substantially straight in the Y-axis 16 direction. As shown in FIGS.9C and 9E, the external ribs 402, 404 can be substantially straight inthe vertical plane or Z-axis 18 direction. In other embodiments, theribs 402, 404 can be angled in the Z-axis 18 direction, and can beangled relative to each other as well.

Each of the ribs 402, 404 have front end portions 406, 408 toward thefront 124 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib, and rear endportions 410, 412 toward the rear 126 of the body 108 extending to theedge of the rib. In one embodiment the front end portions 406, 408 ofribs 402, 404 can connect to the first wall 166 and the second wall 167respectively, and the rear end portions 410, 412 can extendsubstantially to the rear 126 of the club. The external ribs 402, 404also include upper portions 414, 416 extending to the edge of the riband lower portions 418, 420 extending to the edge of the rib. As shownin FIGS. 9E and 11C, the upper portions 414, 416 of ribs 402, 404connect to the cover 161. The lower portions 418, 420 of ribs 402, 404can define a portion of the bottom or sole 118 of the golf club. Asshown in FIG. 11B the lower portions 418, 420 of ribs 402, 404 can becurved, generally forming a convex shape. In other embodiments the lowerportions 402, 404 can have a concave curved shape, a substantiallystraight configuration, or any other shape. In another embodiment,external ribs 402, 404 can extend to the crown 116. In some suchembodiments, the external ribs 402, 404 can intersect the cover 161 andconnect to an internal surface of the crown 116. And in someembodiments, external ribs 402, 404 can connect to an internal surfaceof the sole 118 and/or an internal surface of the rear edge 148 of thechannel 140 or any other internal surface of the club.

The ribs 402, 404 can be located anywhere in the heel-toe direction andin the front-rear direction. For example, ribs 402, 404 can be equallyor unequally spaced in the heel-toe direction from the center of gravityor from the face center. In one embodiment, the front end portion 406 ofrib 402 can be located approximately 15 mm+/−2 mm, or may be in therange of 0 mm to 25 mm, towards the heel 120 from the face centerlocation 40 measured in the X-axis 14 direction, and the front endportion 408 of rib 404 can be located approximately 33 mm+/−2 mm, or maybe in the range of 0 mm to 45 mm, towards the toe 122 from the facecenter location 40 measured along the X-axis 14. In one embodiment, thefront end portion 406 of rib 402 can be located approximately 53 mm+/−2mm or may be in the range of 20 mm to 70 mm, towards the rear 126 fromthe striking face measured in the Y-axis 16 direction, and the front endportion 408 of rib 404 can be located approximately 55 mm+/−2 mm, or maybe in the range of 20 mm to 70 mm, towards the rear 126 from thestriking face measured along the Y-axis 16. In another embodiment, thefront end portion 406 of rib 402 can be located approximately 12 mm+/−2mm or may be in the range of 0 mm to 25 mm, towards the heel 120 fromthe face center location 40 measured in the X-axis 14 direction, and thefront end portion 408 of rib 404 can be located approximately 32 mm+/−2mm or may be in the range of 0 mm to 45 mm, towards the toe 122 from theface center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14. The front endportion 406 of rib 402 can be located approximately 51 mm+/−2 mm or maybe in the range of 20 mm to 70 mm, towards the rear 126 from thestriking face measured in the Y-axis 16 direction, and the front endportion 408 of rib 404 can be located approximately 49 mm+/−2 mm or maybe in the range of 20 mm to 70 mm, towards the rear 126 from thestriking face measured along the Y-axis 16.

Each rib 402, 404 also has an internal side 411, 413 and an externalside 415, 417 and a width defined there between. The width of the ribs402, 404 can affect the strength and weight of the golf club. As shownin FIGS. 9E and 11C, the ribs 402, 404 can have a thinner width portion422 throughout the majority, or center portion, of the rib. The thinnerwidth portion 422 of the rib can be approximately 1 mm+/−0.2 mm, or maybe in the range of approximately 0.5 to 5.0 mm and can be substantiallysimilar throughout the entire rib. The ribs 402, 404 can also include athicker width portion 424. The thicker width portion 424 can be near thefront end portions 406, 408, rear end portions 410, 412, upper portions414, 416, or lower portions 418, 420. As depicted in FIGS. 9E and 11C,the ribs 402, 404 include a thicker width portion 424 over part of thefront end portions 406, 408, part of the rear end portions 410, 412, andthe lower portions 418, 420. As shown in FIGS. 9C and 9E, the thickerwidth portion 424 can be disposed substantially on the internal sides411, 413 of the ribs 402, 404. In other embodiments the thicker widthportion can be distributed equally or unequally on the internal sides411, 413 and the external sides 415, 417, or substantially on theexternal sides 415, 417. The thickness of the thicker width portion canbe approximately 3.0 mm+/−0.2 mm or may be in the range of approximately1.0 to 10.0 mm. The width of the thicker portion 424 can beapproximately 2 to 3 times the width of the thinner portion 422.

Ribs 402, 404 can also be described as having a vertical portion 431 anda transverse portion 433 such that the portions 431 and 433 form aT-shaped or L-shaped cross-section. As shown in FIG. 9E, the transverseportion 433 can taper into the vertical portion 431, but in otherembodiments the transverse portion may not taper into the verticalportion. The vertical portion 431 and the transverse portion can bothhave a height and a width. As described above the width of the verticalportion can be approximately 1 mm+/−0.2 mm, or may be in the range ofapproximately 0.5 to 5.0 mm, and the width of the transverse portion canbe approximately 3.0 mm+/−0.2 mm or may be in the range of approximately1.0 to 10.0 mm. The height of the transverse portion 433 can beapproximately 1.0 mm+/−0.5 mm, or may be in the range of approximately0.5 to 5.0 mm. Any of the ribs described herein can include, or can bedescribed as having, a vertical portion and at least one transverseportion. The transverse portion can be included on an upper portion,lower portion, front end portion, and/or rear end portion, or any otherportion of the rib. As previously discussed the intersection of thevertical portion and the transverse portion can generally form aT-shaped or L-shaped cross-section.

Each rib 402, 404 also has a maximum height defined by the distancebetween the upper portions 414, 416 and the lower portions 418, 420measured along the ribs 402, 404 in the Z-axis 18 direction. A maximumheight of the ribs 402, 404 can be in the range of approximately 5 to 40mm. Additionally, each rib 402, 404 also has a maximum length, definedby the distance between the front end portions 406, 408 and rear endportions 410, 412 measured along the ribs 402, 404 in the plane definedby the X-axis 14 and the Y-axis 16. The length of rib 402 can beapproximately 54 mm+/−3 mm or may be in the range of approximately 20 to70 mm; and the length of rib 404 can be approximately 53 mm+/−3 mm ormay be in the range of approximately 20 to 70 mm. In another embodiment,the length of rib 402 can be approximately 48 mm+/−2 mm or may be in therange of approximately 20 to 70 mm; and the length of rib 404 can beapproximately 50 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 20 to70 mm. The ratio of the length of the ribs 402, 404 to the total headbreadth 60 of the club in the front 124 to rear 126 direction can beapproximately 1:2 (rib length/total head breadth) or approximately0.75:2 to 1.25:2

While only two external ribs 402, 404 are shown, any number of ribs canbe included on the golf club. It is understood that the ribs may extendat different lengths, widths, heights, and angles and have differentshapes to achieve different weight distribution and performancecharacteristics.

The external ribs 402, 404 may be formed of a single, integrally formedpiece, e.g., by casting with the cover 161. Such an integral piece mayfurther include other components of the body 108, such as the entiresole 118 (including the channel 140) or the entire club head body 108.In other embodiments the ribs 402, 404 can be connected to the cover 161and/or sole 118 by welding or other integral joining technique to form asingle piece.

As shown in at least FIGS. 9C, 9E, and 11A, the club can also includeupper internal ribs 430, 432, 434 within the space 162 of the innercavity 106. The ribs 430, 432, 43 can extend between the interiorportions of the crown 116 and the cover 161, and in other embodimentscan connect only to an interior portion of the crown 116 and/or thecover 161. In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 9C, 9E, and 11A,upper internal ribs 430, 432, 434 are generally parallel with oneanother and substantially aligned in a generally vertical plane orZ-axis 18 direction and are substantially perpendicular to the strikingface 112. In other configurations, the upper internal ribs 430, 432, 434can be angled with respect to X-axis 14, Y-axis 16, or Z-axis 18directions and/or angled with respect to each other. The ribs 430, 432,434 can be located anywhere in the heel-toe direction. For example, ribs430, 432, 434 can be equally or unequally spaced in the heel-toedirection from the center of gravity or from the face center. In oneembodiment, rib 430 can be located approximately 18 mm+/−2 mm or may bein the range of approximately 5 to 35 mm towards the heel 120 from theface center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14; rib 432 can belocated approximately 16 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 30 mm towards the toe 122 from the face centerlocation 40 measured along the X-axis 14; and rib 434 can be locatedapproximately 38.5 mm+/−2.0 mm or may be in the range of approximately20 to 50 mm towards the toe 122 from the face center location 40measured along the X-axis 14. In another embodiment, rib 430 can belocated approximately 15 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 30 mm towards the heel 120 from the face centerlocation 40 measured along the X-axis 14; rib 432 can be locatedapproximately 10 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to20 mm towards the toe 122 from the face center location 40 measuredalong the X-axis 14; and rib 434 can be located approximately 32 mm+/−2mm or may be in the range of approximately 10 to 45 mm towards the toe122 from the face center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14.

Each of the ribs 430, 432, 434 have front end portions 436, 438, 440toward the front 124 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib,and rear end portions 442, 444 (not shown), 446 (not shown) toward therear 126 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib. In oneembodiment the front end portions 436, 438, 440 include a concave curvedshape. In other embodiments, the front end portions 436, 438, 440 canhave a convex curved shape, a straight shape, or any other shape.

Ribs 430, 432, 434 also include upper portions 448, 450, 452 and lowerportions 454, 456, 458. As shown in FIGS. 9C, 9E, and 11A the upperportions 448, 450, 452 of ribs 430, 432, 434 can connect to the internalside of the crown 116, and the lower portions 454, 456, 458 can connectto an internal side of the cover 161. In other embodiments the ribs mayonly be connected to the cover 161 and/or the crown 116.

Each rib 430, 432, 434 also has first side oriented towards the heel 131and a second side oriented towards the toe 132 and a width defined therebetween. The width of the ribs can affect the strength and weight of thegolf club. As shown in FIG. 9C, the ribs 430, 432, 434 can have anapproximately constant width which can be approximately 0.9 mm+/−0.2 mmor may be in the range of approximately 0.5 to 5.0 mm. This width can besubstantially the same for each rib. In other embodiments, the width ofeach rib can vary. Additionally, for example, the ribs 430, 432, 434 caninclude a thinner width portion throughout the majority, or a centerportion, of the rib. The ribs 430, 432, 434 can also include a thickerwidth portion. The thicker width portion can be near the front endportions 436, 438, 440, rear end portions 442, 444 (not shown), 446,upper portions 448, 450, 452 or lower portions 454, 456, 458. Thethickness of the thicker width portion can be approximately 2 to 3 timesthe width of the thinner portion.

Each of ribs 430, 432, 434 also has a maximum height defined by themaximum distance between the upper portions 448, 450, 452 or lowerportions 454, 456, 458 measured along the rib in the Z-axis 18direction. The maximum height of ribs 430, 432, 434 can be approximatelyin the range of approximately 25 to 35 mm or in the range ofapproximately 15 to 50 mm. Additionally, each rib 430, 432, 434 also hasa maximum length, measured along the rib in Y-axis 16 direction. Themaximum length of rib 430 can be approximately 33 mm+/−2 mm or may be inthe range of approximately 20 to 50 mm, the maximum length of rib 432can be approximately 35 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 20 to 50 mm, and the maximum length of rib 434 can beapproximately 30 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 25 to50 mm. As shown in FIG. 11A each or ribs 430, 432, 434 have similar samelengths, but in other embodiments each of the ribs can have differentlengths. In one embodiment The maximum length of rib 430 can beapproximately 24 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 15 to40 mm, the maximum length of rib 432 can be approximately 28 mm+/−2 mmor may be in the range of approximately 15 to 40.0 mm, and the maximumlength of rib 434 can be approximately 25 mm+/−2 mm or may be in therange of approximately 15 to 40 mm. In still other embodiments thelength of ribs 430, 432, 434 can be longer or shorter, and for example,in some embodiments ribs 430, 432, 434 can connect to an internal sideof the striking face 112.

A cross-section of the golf club through rib 430 is show in FIG. 10C. Inother embodiments, ball striking head 102 may be sized or shapeddifferently. For example, a cross-section view of another embodiment ofa ball striking head 102 according to aspects of the disclosure is shownin FIG. 11D also including rib 430.

While three upper internal ribs 430, 432, 434 are shown, any number ofribs can be included on the golf club. It is understood that the ribsmay extend at different lengths, widths, heights, and angles and havedifferent shapes to achieve different weight distribution andperformance characteristics.

The upper internal ribs 430, 432, 434 may be formed of a single,integrally formed piece, e.g., by casting with the cover 161 and/orcrown 116. Such an integral piece may further include other componentsof the body 108, such as the entire sole 118 (including the channel140), the crown 116, or the entire club head body 108. In otherembodiments the ribs 430, 432, 434 can be connected to the cover 161and/or crown 116 by welding or other integral joining technique to forma single piece.

The combination of both the internal ribs 430, 432, and 434 along withthe external ribs 402 and 404 can be positioned relative to each othersuch that at least one of the external ribs 402 and 404 and at least oneof the internal ribs 430, 432, and 434 can be located where the at leastone external rib and the at least one internal rib occupy the samelocation in a view defined by the plane defined by the X-axis 14 andY-axis 16 (or intersect if extended perpendicular to the view) but areseparated by only the wall thickness between them. The external rib andinternal rib then diverge at an angle. The angle between the externaland internal rib can be an angle in the range of 4 to 10 degrees or maybe in the range of 0 to 30 degrees. In other configurations, the atleast one external rib and the at least one internal rib occupy the samepoint in a view defined by the plane defined by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis18 (or intersect if extended perpendicular to the view) but areseparated by only the wall thickness between them. The external rib andinternal rib then diverge at an angle. The angle that the external andinternal rib can be an angle in the range of 4 to 10 degrees or may bein the range of 0 to 30 degrees.

As shown in at least FIGS. 9C and 11B, the club can also include lowerinternal ribs 480, 482. The ribs can connect to the interior side of thesole 118, and can extend between interior portions of the first andsecond walls 166, 167 and the rear edge 148 of the channel 140. In otherembodiments the ribs 480, 482 can connect only to the interior portionof first and second walls 166, 167 and/or the interior of the rear edge148 of the channel 140, and in still other embodiments ribs 480, 482 canconnect to the crown 116. In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 9Cand 11B, lower internal ribs 480, 482 are generally parallel with oneanother and aligned in a generally vertical plane or Z-axis 18 directionthat is perpendicular to the striking face 112. In other configurations,the lower internal ribs 480, 482 can be angled with respect to X-axis14, Y-axis 16, or Z-axis 18 directions and/or angled with respect toeach other. The ribs 480, 482 can be located anywhere in the heel-toedirection. For example, ribs 480, 482 can be equally or unequally spacedin the heel-toe direction from the center of gravity or from the facecenter. In one embodiment, rib 480 can be located approximately 8.2mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to 30 mm towards theheel 120 from the face center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14;and rib 482 can be located approximately 25.1 mm+/−2 mm or may be in therange of approximately 0 to 45 mm towards the toe 122 from the facecenter location 40 measured along the X-axis 14. In another embodiment,rib 480 can be located approximately 2.6 mm+/−2 mm or may be in therange of approximately 0 to 25 mm towards the heel 120 from the facecenter location 40 measured along the X-axis 14; and rib 482 can belocated approximately 20.7 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 35 mm towards the toe 122 from the face centerlocation 40 measured along the X-axis 14.

Each of the ribs 480, 482 have front end portions 486, 488 towards thefront 124 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib which canconnect to the interior of the rear edge 148 of the channel 140. Each ofthe ribs 480, 482 also has rear end portions 490, 492, respectively,towards the rear 126 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the ribwhich can connect to the first and second walls 166, 167. The lowerinternal ribs 482 and 484 also include upper portions 494, 496 extendingto the edge of the rib and lower portions 498, 500 extending to the edgeof the rib. As shown in FIG. 11B the upper portions 494, 496 of ribs480, 482 can be curved, generally forming a concave curved shape. Inother embodiments the upper portions 494, 496 can have a convex curvedshape, straight shape, or any other shape. The lower portions 498, 500of the ribs can connect to an interior of the sole 118 of the golf club.

Each rib 480, 482 also has an internal side 491 (not shown), 493 and anexternal side 495, 497 (not shown) and a width defined there between.The width of the rib can affect the strength and weight of the golfclub. The ribs 480, 482 can have a substantially constant rib width ofapproximately 0.9 mm+/−0.2 mm or may be in the range of approximately0.5 to 5.0 mm, or can have a variable width. Additionally, in someembodiments, for example, the ribs 480, 482 can have a thinner widthportion throughout the majority or a center portion of the rib and athicker width portion. The thicker width portion can be near the frontend portions 486, 488, rear end portions 490, 492, upper portions 494,496, or lower portions 498, 500, or any other part of the rib. Thethickness of the thicker width portion can be approximately 2 to 3 timesthe width of the thinner portion.

Each rib 480, 482 also has a maximum height defined as the maximumdistance between the upper portions and the lower portions measuredalong the rib in the Z-axis 18 direction. The maximum height of rib 480can be approximately 16 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 40 mm, and the maximum height of rib 482 can beapproximately 20 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to40 mm. In another embodiment, the maximum height of rib 480 can beapproximately 20 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to30 mm, and the maximum height of rib 482 can be approximately 21 mm+/−2mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to 30 mm. Additionally,each rib 480, 482 also has a maximum length defined as the maximumdistance between the front end portions and rear end portions measuredalong the rib in the Y-axis 16 direction. The maximum length of rib 480can be approximately 46 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 60 mm, and the maximum length of rib 482 can beapproximately 46 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to60 mm. In another embodiment, the maximum length of rib 480 can beapproximately 40 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to50 mm, and the maximum length of rib 482 can be approximately 39 mm+/−2mm or may be in the range of approximately 0 to 50 mm.

A cross-section of the golf club through rib 480 is shown in FIG. 10D.In other embodiments, ball striking head 102 may be sized or shapeddifferently. For example, a cross-section view of another embodiment ofa ball striking head 102 according to aspects of the disclosure is shownin FIG. 11E also including rib 480.

While only two lower internal ribs 480, 482 are shown, any number ofribs can be included on the golf club. It is understood that the ribsmay extend at different lengths, widths, heights, and angles and havedifferent shapes to achieve different weight distribution andperformance characteristics.

The lower internal ribs 480, 482 may be formed of a single, integrallyformed piece, e.g., by casting with the sole 118. Such an integral piecemay further include other components of the body 108, such as the entiresole 118 (including the channel 140) or the entire club head body 108.In other embodiments the ribs 480, 482 can be connected to the crown 116and/or sole 118 by welding or other integral joining technique to form asingle piece.

Additionally, the rear end portions 490, 492 of the internal ribs 480,482 and the forward most portions 406, 408 of the external ribs 402,404may be positioned relative to each other by a dimension defined in adirection parallel to the X-axis 14 between 2 to 4 mm or may be in therange of 1 to 10 mm.

While internal and external ribs have generally been described inrelation to the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 1-13, it is understoodthat any rib configuration can apply to any other portion of anyembodiment described.

Driver #2—Structural Ribs

As discussed above, ball striking heads 102 according to the presentinvention can include additional features, such as internal and externalstructural ribs, that can influence the impact of a ball on the face 112as well as other performance characteristics. As depicted in at least inFIGS. 14, 15 and 18, the sole piece 176 can include external ribs 550,552. In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 14, external ribs 550,552 are generally arranged in an angled or v-shaped alignment,converging towards one another with respect to the Y-axis 16 in a front124 to rear 126 direction. In this configuration, the ribs 550, 552converge towards one another at a point beyond the rear 126 of the club.As shown in FIGS. 14, 15 and 18, the angle of the ribs 550, 552 from theY-axis 16 can be approximately may be in the range of 0-30 degrees. Inother configurations, the ribs 550, 552 can angle away from one anotheror can be substantially straight in the Y-axis 16 direction. Theexternal ribs 550, 552 can be substantially straight in the verticalplane or Z-axis 18 direction. In other embodiments, the ribs 550, 552can be angled in the Z-axis 18 direction, and can be angled relative toeach other as well.

Each of the ribs 550, 552 have front end portions 554, 556 toward thefront 124 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib, and rear endportions 558, 560 toward the rear 126 of the body 108 extending to theedge of the rib. In one embodiment the front end portions 554, 556 ofribs 550, 552 can connect to the first wall 166 and the second wall 167,and the rear end portions 558, 560 can extend substantially to the rear126 of the club. The external ribs 550, 552 also include upper portions562, 564 extending to the edge of the rib and lower portions 566, 568extending to the edge of the rib. As shown in FIG. 14, the upperportions 562, 564 of ribs 550, 552 connect to the sole piece 176. Thelower portions 566, 568 of ribs 550, 552 can define a portion of thebottom or sole 118 of the golf club. As shown in FIG. 14 the lowerportions 566, 568 of ribs 550, 552 can be curved, generally forming aconvex shape. In other embodiments the lower portions 550, 552 can havea concave curved shape, a substantially straight configuration, or anyother shape.

The ribs 550, 552 can be located anywhere in the heel-toe direction andin the front-rear directions. For example, ribs 550, 552 can be equallyor unequally spaced in the heel-toe direction from the center of gravityor from the face center. In one embodiment, the front end portion 556 ofrib 550 can be located in the range of 0 mm to 50 mm, towards the heel120 from the face center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14, andthe front end portion 558 of rib 552 can be located in the range of 10to 60 mm, towards the toe 122 from the face center location 40 measuredalong the X-axis 14. In one embodiment, the front end portion 556 of rib550 can be located approximately in the range of 20 to 80 mm, towardsthe rear 126 from the striking face measured in the Y-axis 16 direction,and the front end portion 558 of rib 552 can be located approximately inthe range of 20 to 80 mm, towards the rear 126 from the striking facemeasured along the Y-axis 16.

Each rib 550, 552 also has an internal side 570, 572 and an externalside 574, 576 and a width defined there between. The width of the ribs550, 552 can affect the strength and weight of the golf club. The widthof the ribs 550, 552, can be substantially constant as shown in FIG. 18and can be approximately 1.6 mm+/−0.2 mm, or may be in the range of 0.5mm to 5.0 mm. In other embodiments, the ribs 550, 552 can have a thinnerwidth portion throughout the majority, or center portion, of the rib,and a thicker width portion near the front end portions 554, 556, rearend portions 558, 560, upper portions 562, 564, or lower portions 566,568.

Each rib 550, 552 also has a maximum height defined by the distancebetween the upper portions 562, 564 and the lower portions 566, 568measured along the ribs 550, 552 in the Z-axis 18 direction. A maximumheight of the ribs 550, 552 can be approximately 12 mm+/−4 mm or may bein the range of approximately 5 to 40 mm. Additionally, each rib 550,552 also has a maximum length, defined by the distance between the frontend portions 554, 556 and rear end portions 558, 560 measured along theribs 550, 552 in the plane defined by the X-axis 14 and the Y-axis 16.The length can be approximately 35 mm+/−4 mm, or may be in the range of10 mm to 60 mm.

While only two external ribs 550, 552 are shown, any number of ribs canbe included on the golf club. It is understood that the ribs may extendat different lengths, widths, heights, and angles and have differentshapes to achieve different weight distribution and performancecharacteristics.

The external ribs 550, 552 may be formed of a single, integrally formedpiece with the sole piece 176. In other embodiments the ribs 550, 552can be connected to the sole piece 176 and/or sole 118 by an integraljoining technique to form a single piece.

As illustrated at least in in FIG. 14, in some embodiments, the golfclub can include one or more structural ribs 185 that interlocks with achannel 184 in the sole piece 176. As shown in at least FIG. 14, a rib185 can extend along at least a part of an interior portion of the crown116. The rib can also extend between and connect to the interior of therear edge 148 of the channel 140 and the substantially the rear of theclub 126. The rib 185 can be substantially straight in the verticalplane or Z-axis 18 direction. In other configurations, as shown in FIG.14, the rib 185 can be angled with respect to a vertical plane or Z-axis18 direction. For example the angle of rib 185 from the Z-axis 18, inthe plane created by the X-axis 14 and the Z-axis 18, can beapproximately 8 degrees+/−1 degree, or may be in the range of 0 to 30degrees.

The rib 185 has a front end portion 502 (not shown) towards the front124 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib which can connectto the interior of the rear edge 148 of the channel 140. The rib 185also has a rear end portion 504 toward the rear 126 of the body 108extending to the edge of the rib. The rib 185 also includes an upperportion 506 extending to the edge of the rib and a lower portion 508extending to the edge of the rib. As shown in FIG. 14, the lower portion508 can connect to an internal side of the crown 116, and the upperportion 506 can be configured to interlock with the channel 184.

The rib 185 also has first side 510 oriented toward the heel 131 and asecond side 512 (not shown) oriented toward the toe 132 and a widthdefined there between. The width of the rib can affect the strength andweight of the golf club. As shown in FIG. 14, the rib 185 can haveapproximately a constant width which can be approximately 0.9 mm+/−0.2mm or may be in the range of approximately 0.5 to 5.0 mm. In otherembodiments, the width of the rib 185 can vary. Additionally, forexample, the rib 185 can include a thinner width portion throughout themajority, or a center portion, of the rib. The ribs 185 can also includea thicker width portion. The thicker width portion can be near the frontend portion 502, the rear end portion 504, the upper portion 506, or thelower portion 508. The thickness of the thicker width portion can beapproximately 2 to 3 times the width of the thinner portion.

The rib 185 also has a maximum height defined by the distance betweenthe upper portions 506 and the lower portions 508 measured along the rib185. A maximum height of the rib 185 may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 45 mm. Additionally, the rib 185 also has a maximumlength, defined by the distance between the front end portions 510 andrear end portions 512 measured along the rib 185 in the Y-axis 16direction. The length may be in the range of approximately 20 to 100 mm.In some embodiments the length of the rib 185 may be shorter than thedistance between the between the interior of the rear edge 148 of thechannel 140 and the rear of the club 126.

While only one rib 185 is shown in FIG. 14, any number of ribs can beincluded on the golf club. It is understood that the ribs may extend atdifferent lengths, widths, heights, and angles and have different shapesto achieve different weight distribution and performancecharacteristics.

The rib 185 may be formed of a single, integrally formed piece, e.g., bycasting with the crown 116. Such an integral piece may further includeother components of the body 108, such as the entire sole 118 (includingthe channel 140), or the entire club head body 108. In other embodimentsthe rib 185 can be connected to the sole 118 by welding or otherintegral joining technique to form a single piece.

As discussed above with FIGS. 1-13, the ball striking head in FIGS.14-20 can include internal and external structural ribs that caninfluence the impact of a ball on the face as well as other performancecharacteristics. As discussed below with FIGS. 1-13, the structural ribsdiscussed herein in FIGS. 14-20 can affect the stiffness of the strikinghead 102.

Fairway Woods/Hybrid Club Heads—Structural Ribs

As described above with regards to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1-20,the golf club head shown in FIGS. 21-26D, the golf club head shown inFIGS. 27-33, the golf club head shown in FIG. 35, the golf club headshown in FIGS. 36-37C, and the golf club head shown in FIG. 38-39C caninclude similar internal and external rib structures although the sizinga location of such structures can vary. The same reference numbers areused consistently in this specification and the drawings to refer to thesame or similar parts.

As depicted in fairway wood and hybrid embodiments shown in FIGS.21-26D, 27-33, 36-37F, and 38-39C the cover 161 can include externalribs 402, 404. In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 27external ribs 402, 404 are generally arranged in an angled or v-shapedalignment, converge towards one another with respect to the Y-axis 16 ina front 124 to rear 126 direction. In this configuration, the ribs 402,404 converge towards one another at a point beyond the rear 126 of theclub. As shown in FIG. 21, the angle of the ribs 402, 404 from theY-axis 16 can be approximately 6.9 degrees+/−1 degree, or may be in therange of 0 to 30 degrees, and approximately 10.8 degrees+/−1 degree, ormay be in the range of 0 to 30 degrees respectively. As shown in FIG.27, the angle of the ribs 402, 404 from the Y-axis 16 can beapproximately 13 degrees+/−1 degree, or may be in the range of 0 to 30degrees, and approximately 13.3 degrees+/−1 degree, or may be in therange of 0 to 30 degrees respectively.

The ribs 402, 404 can be located anywhere in the heel-toe direction andin the front-rear direction. For example, ribs 402, 404 can be equallyor unequally spaced in the heel-toe direction from the center of gravityor from the face center. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 21, thefront end portion 406 of rib 402 can be located approximately 12 mm+/−2mm, or may be in the range of 0 to 25 mm, towards the heel 120 from theface center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14, and the front endportion 408 of rib 404 can be located approximately 26.5 mm+/−2.0 mm, ormay be in the range of 0 to 40 mm, towards the toe 122 from the facecenter location 40 measured along the X-axis 14. In another embodiment,as shown in FIG. 27 the front end portion 406 of rib 430 can be locatedapproximately 10 mm+/−2 mm, or may be in the range of 5 to 30 mm,towards the heel 120 from the face center location 40 measured along theX-axis 14, and the front end portion 408 of rib 404 can be locatedapproximately 22 mm+/−2 mm, or may be in the range of 5 to 40 mm,towards the toe 122 from the face center location 40 measured along theX-axis 14. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 21, the front end portion406 of rib 402 can be located approximately 41 mm+/−2 mm, or may be inthe range of 20 to 70 mm, towards the rear 126 from the striking facemeasured in the Y-axis 16 direction, and the front end portion 408 ofrib 404 can be located approximately 42.5 mm+/−2.0 mm, or may be in therange of 20 to 70 mm, towards the rear 126 from the striking facemeasured along the Y-axis 16. In another embodiment, as shown in FIG.27, the front end portion 406 of rib 402 can be located approximately 37mm+/−2 mm, or may be in the range of 20 to 70 mm, towards the rear 126from the striking face measured in the Y-axis 16 direction, and thefront end portion 408 of rib 404 can be located approximately 43 mm+/−2mm, or may be in the range of 20 to 70 mm, towards the rear 126 from thestriking face measured along the Y-axis 16.

As depicted in embodiments shown in FIGS. 21-26D, 27-33, 36-37F, and38-39C, each rib 402, 404 also has an internal side 411, 413 and anexternal side 415, 417 and a width defined there between. The width ofthe ribs 402, 404 can affect the strength and weight of the golf club.As shown in FIG. 26A the ribs 402, 404 can have a thinner width portion422 throughout the majority, or center portion, of the rib. The thinnerwidth portion 422 of the rib can be approximately 1.0 mm+/−0.2 mm, ormay be in the range of approximately 0.5 to 5.0 mm and can besubstantially similar throughout the entire rib. The ribs 402, 404 canalso include a thicker width portion 424. The thicker width portion 424can be near the front end portions 406, 408, rear end portions 410, 412,upper portions 414, 416, or lower portions 418, 420. As depicted inFIGS. 9E and 11C, the ribs 402, 404 include a thicker width portion 424over part of the front end portions 406, 408, part of the rear endportions 410, 412, and the lower portions 418, 420. The thicker widthportion 424 can be disposed substantially on the internal sides 411, 413of the ribs 402, 404. In other embodiments the thicker width portion canbe distributed equally or unequally on the internal sides 411, 413 andthe external sides 415, 417, or substantially on the external sides 415,417. The thickness of the thicker width portion can be approximately 3.0mm+/−0.2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 1 to 10 mm. Thewidth of the thicker portion 424 can be approximately 2 to 3 times thewidth of the thinner portion 422. As shown in FIG. 32 the ribs 402, 404can have a substantially similar width throughout the rib that can beapproximately 2.1 mm+/−0.2 mm, or may be in the range of approximately0.5 to 5.0 mm and can be substantially similar throughout the entirerib.

Each rib 402, 404 also has a maximum height defined by the distancebetween the upper portions 414, 416 and the lower portions 418, 420measured along the ribs 402, 404 in the Z-axis 18 direction. A maximumheight of the ribs 402, 404 of FIGS. 21-26D may be in the range ofapproximately 5 to 30 mm. A maximum height of the ribs 402, 404 of FIGS.27-33 may be in the range of approximately 5 to 30 mm. Additionally,each rib 402, 404 also has a maximum length, defined by the distancebetween the front end portions 406, 408 and rear end portions 410, 412measured along the ribs 402, 404 in the plane defined by the X-axis 14and the Y-axis 16. The length of the rib 402 of FIGS. 21-26D can beapproximately 39 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 10 to60 mm. The length of the rib 404 of FIGS. 21-26D can be approximately 43mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range of approximately 10 to 60 mm. Thelength of the rib 402 of FIGS. 27-33 can be approximately 24 mm+/−2 mmor may be in the range of approximately 10 to 50 mm. The length of therib 404 of FIGS. 27-33 can be approximately 27 mm+/−2 mm or may be inthe range of approximately 10 to 50 mm.

As show in FIGS. 26B-26D, golf club heads can include other ribstructures. For example as shown in FIGS. 26B-26D the club can includean internal corner rib 600 that can connect to the interior of the clubnear the hosel. As shown in FIGS. 26B-26D, the rib 600 can connect to aninterior side of the sole 118, an interior side of the crown 116 and aninterior portion of the rear edge 148 of the channel 140. In otherembodiments the rib 600 can connect only to an interior side of the sole118, and/or an interior side of the crown 116, and/or an interiorportion of the rear edge 148 of the channel 140.

Rib 600 has a front end portion 602 toward the front 124 of the body 108extending to the edge of the rib, and a rear end portion 604 toward therear 126 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib. The front endportion 602, as shown in FIGS. 26B-26D can be curved, generally forminga concave curved shape. In other embodiments the front end portion 602can have a convex curved shape, straight shape, or any other shape. Therib 600 also includes an upper portion 606 extending to the edge of therib and a lower portion 608 extending to the edge of the rib.

Rib 600 also includes a front side 610 and a back side 612 and a widthdefined there between. The width that can affect the strength and weightof the golf club. The rib 600 can have a substantially constant width ofapproximately 0.8 mm+/−0.1 mm or may be in the range of approximately0.5 to 5.0 mm, or can have a variable width. In some embodiments, forexample, rib 600 can have a thinner width portion throughout themajority, or center portion, of the rib, and can have a thicker widthportion can be near the front end portions 602, rear end portion 604,upper portion 606, or lower portions 608 or any other part of the rib.The width of the thicker portion can be approximately 2 to 3 times thewidth of the thinner portion.

The rib 600 also has a maximum height defined by the maximum distancebetween the upper portions 606 and lower portion 608 measured along therib measured along the Z-axis 18 direction. The maximum height rib 600can be approximately 25 mm+/−3 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 5 to 40 mm. Additionally, the rib 600 also has a maximumlength, defined as the maximum distance between the front end portion602 and the rear end portion 604 measured along the rib in the planecreated by the X-axis 14 and the Y Axis. The maximum length of rib 482can be approximately 20.5 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 30 mm.

While only a single corner rib is shown in FIGS. 26B-26D, any number ofribs can be included on the golf club. It is understood that the ribsmay extend at different lengths, widths, heights, and angles and havedifferent shapes to achieve different weight distribution andperformance characteristics. Additionally, while corner rib 600 has beendescribed in relation to the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 26B-26D, itis understood that any rib configuration can apply to any other portionof any embodiment described herein.

The corner rib 600 may be formed of a single, integrally formed piece,e.g., by casting with the sole 118. Such an integral piece may furtherinclude other components of the body 108, such as the entire sole 118(including the channel 140) or the entire club head body 108. In otherembodiments the rib 600 can be connected to the crown 116 and/or sole118 by welding or other integral joining technique to form a singlepiece.

As shown in FIGS. 37D-37F, the club head 102 can also include lowerinternal ribs 650, 652. The ribs can connect to the interior side of thesole 118, and interior portions of the first and second walls 166, 167.Lower internal ribs 650, 652 can be generally parallel with one anotherand aligned in a generally vertical plane that is perpendicular to thestriking face 112, or the ribs can extend in an angle that is notperpendicular to the striking face 112. In other configurations, thelower internal ribs 650, 652 can be angled with respect to a verticalplane and angled with respect to each other.

The ribs 650, 652 can be located anywhere in the heel-toe direction. Forexample, ribs 650, 652 can be equally or unequally spaced in theheel-toe direction from the center of gravity or from the face center.In one embodiment, rib 650 can be located approximately 2 mm+/−2 mm ormay be in the range of approximately 0 to 20 mm towards the heel 120from the face center location 40 measured along the X-axis 14; and rib652 can be located approximately 15 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 0 to 30 mm towards the toe 122 from the face centerlocation 40 measured along the X-axis 14.

Each of the ribs 650, 652 have front end portions 654, 656 towards thefront 124 of the body 108 extending to the edge of the rib, and rear endportions 658, 660 towards the rear 126 of the body 108 extending to theedge of the rib which can connect to the first and second walls 166, 167extending to the edge of the rib. The lower internal ribs 650, 652 canalso include upper portions 662, 664 extending to the edge of the riband lower portions 668, 670 extending to the edge of the rib which canconnect to the sole 118. As shown in FIGS. 37D-37F the upper portions662, 664 can be substantially straight. In other embodiments, the upperportions 662, 664 can be curved or can have any other shape.

As described above with regard to other ribs, ribs 650, 652 can have awidth that is variable or substantially constant. The ribs 650, 652 canhave a substantially constant width of approximately 0.9 mm+/−0.2 mm ormay be in the range of approximately 0.5 to 5.0 mm

Each rib 650, 652 also has a maximum height defined by the maximumdistance between the upper portions 662, 664 and lower portions 668, 670measured along the rib in the Z-axis 18 direction. The maximum height ofrib 650 can be approximately 15 mm+/−2 mm or may be in the range ofapproximately 5 to 30 mm, and the maximum height of rib 652 can beapproximately 12 mm+/−2 or may be in the range of approximately 5 to 30mm. Additionally, each rib 650, 652 also has a maximum length defined asthe maximum distance between the front end portions 654, 656 and therear end portions 658, 660, measured along the rib in the Y-axis 16direction. The maximum length of rib 650 can be approximately 33 mm+/−2mm or may be in the range of approximately 10 to 50 mm, and the maximumlength of rib 652 can be approximately 27 mm+/−2 mm or may be in therange of approximately 10 to 50 mm.

The lower internal ribs 650, 652 may be formed of a single, integrallyformed piece, e.g., by casting with the sole 118. Such an integral piecemay further include other components of the body 108, such as the entiresole 118 (including the channel 140) or the entire club head body 108.In other embodiments the ribs 650, 652 can be connected to the sole 118by welding or other integral joining technique to form a single piece.

Stiffness/Cross-Sectional Area Moment of Inertia of Club Head

As discussed above, the structural ribs discussed herein can affect thestiffness or cross-sectional area moment of inertia of the club head 102which can in some embodiments affect the impact efficiency. Thecross-sectional area moment of inertia with respect to the X-axis shownparallel to the ground plane in the FIG. 9C can be an indicator of thegolf club head body's stiffness with respect to a force created from animpact with a golf ball on the striking face or the corresponding momentcreated when a golf ball is struck above or below the center of gravityof the club head. Similarly, the cross-sectional area moment of inertiawith respect to the Z-axis shown perpendicular to the ground plane inFIG. 9C can be an indicator of the golf club head body's stiffness withrespect to the force created from the impact with the golf ball or thecorresponding moment created when a golf ball is struck on either thetoe or heel side of the center of gravity. The two-dimensionalcross-sectional area moments of inertia, (Ix-x and Iz-z), with respectto both a horizontal X-axis and a vertical Z-axis can easily becalculated using CAD software with either a CAD generated model of theclub head or a model generated by a digitized scan of both the exteriorand interior surfaces of an actual club head. Furthermore, CAD softwarecan also generate a cross-sectional area, A, of any desiredcross-section. The cross-sectional area can give an indication of theamount of weight generated by the cross-section since it is thecomposite of the all of a club head's cross-sections that determine theoverall mass of the golf club. Using these cross-sectional area momentsof inertia in conjunction with the modulus of elasticity of thematerial, E, the flexural rigidity of the structure at thatcross-section can be calculated by multiplying the modulus of thematerial by the corresponding cross-sectional inertia value, (E*I).

For example, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, a cross-section of theclub shown in FIG. 9C can be taken approximately 25 mm from the forwardmost edge of the striking face in a plane parallel to the plane createdby the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectional area moment ofinertia at the center of gravity of the cross-section can be estimatedwith and without internal ribs 480 and 482. For example, thecross-sectional area moment of inertia with respect to the X-axis Ix-xat the cross section can be approximately 764,000 mm⁴ with ribs 480 and482 and approximately 751,000 mm⁴ without ribs 480 and 482.Additionally, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia around theZ-axis Iz-z at the cross-section can be approximately 383,000 mm⁴ withribs 480 and 482 and approximately 374,000 mm⁴ without ribs 480, 482.

Further, for the club head 102 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, across-section of the club shown in FIG. 9B, in the plane created by theX-axis 14 and Z-axis 18, can be taken at approximately 25% of the headbreadth dimension measured from the forward most edge of the golf clubface. The cross-sectional area moment of inertia at the center ofgravity of the cross-section can be estimated with and without internalribs 480 and 482. For example, the cross-sectional area moment ofinertia with respect to the X-axis, Ix-x at the cross section can beapproximately 139,000 mm⁴ with ribs 480 and 482 and approximately131,000 mm⁴ without ribs 480 and 482. Additionally, the cross-sectionalarea moment of inertia with respect to the Z-axis, Iz-z at thecross-section can be approximately 375,000 mm⁴ with ribs 480 and 482 andapproximately 370,000 mm⁴ without ribs 480 and 482.

The impact of the ribs can be expressed as the ratio of thecross-sectional area moment of inertia divided by its correspondingcross-sectional area, A, which can give an indication of the increasedstiffness relative to the mass added by the ribs. Again using the clubhead 102 shown in FIG. 1A, the ratio of the cross-sectional area momentof inertia relative to the cross-sectional area can be calculated suchthat Ix-x divided by the area A with and without the ribs giving a ratioof 1.02:1 mm². The ratio of the cross-sectional inertia with respect tothe X-axis divided by the corresponding cross-sectional area with andwithout the ribs may be 1.0:1 to 1.05:1, while the ratio ofcorresponding cross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis dividedby the cross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 0.9:1 to1:1. The ratio of cross-sectional area moment of inertia Ix-x with andwithout external ribs is greater than a ratio of cross-sectional areamoment of inertia the Iz-z with and without external ribs.

Further, for the club head 102 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, across-section of the club shown in FIG. 9D, in the plane created by theX-axis 14 and Z-axis 18, can be taken at approximately 60% of the headbreadth dimension measured from the forward most edge of the golf clubface. The cross-sectional area moment of inertia at the center ofgravity of the cross-section can be estimated with and without ribs 402and 404. For example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia withrespect to the X-axis, Ix-x, at the cross section can be approximately61,500 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404 and approximately 44,500 mm⁴ withoutribs 402 and 404. Additionally, the cross-sectional area moment ofinertia with respect to the Z-axis, Iz-z, at the cross-section can beapproximately 267,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404 and approximately243,000 mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

In addition, for the club head 102 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, across-section of the club shown in FIG. 9F, in the plane created by theX-axis 14 and Z-axis 18, can be taken at approximately 80% of the headbreadth dimension measured from the forward most edge of the golf clubface. The cross-sectional area moment of inertia at the center ofgravity of the cross-section can be estimated with and without externalribs 402 and 404, as well with and without internal ribs 430, 432, and434. For example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia withrespect to the X-axis Ix-x at the cross section can be approximately26,600 mm⁴ with external ribs 402, 404 and internal ribs 430, 432, and434 and approximately 17,200 mm⁴ without ribs 402, 404, 430, 432, and434. Additionally, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia withrespect to the Z-axis Iz-z at the cross-section can be approximately156,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402, 404, 430, 432, and 434 and approximately122,000 mm⁴ without ribs 402, 404, 430, 432, and 434.

As evidenced in Table 3A below, the effect of the ribs on the stiffnessof aft body may be expressed by ratios of the cross-sectional areamoment of inertia measurements at 60% and 80% of the head breadthdimension. For example, for the driver embodiment of club head 102 shownin FIG. 1A at a cross-section taken approximately 60% of the headbreadth dimension, the external ribs contribute to a ratio of Ix-x withthe ribs to Ix-x without the ribs of 1.39:1 and an Iz-z with the ribs toIz-z without the ribs of 1.10:1. The impact of the ribs can be expressedas the ratio of the cross-sectional area moment of inertia divided byits corresponding cross-sectional area, A, which can give an indicationof the increased stiffness relative to the mass added by the ribs. Againusing the club head 102 shown in FIG. 1A, the ratio of thecross-sectional area moment of inertia relative to the cross-sectionalarea can be calculated such that Ix-x divided by the area A with andwithout the ribs giving a ratio of 1.11:1 mm². In other similar driverembodiments, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia ratio at alocation of approximately 60% of the head breadth dimension with respectto the X-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1.2:1 to 1.5:1,while the corresponding ratio of the cross-sectional inertia in the withrespect to the Z-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1:1 to1.3:1. The ratio of the cross-sectional inertia with respect to theX-axis divided by the corresponding cross-sectional area with andwithout the ribs may be 1:1 to 1.2:1, while the ratio of correspondingcross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis divided by thecross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 0.8:1 to 1:1. Theratio of cross-sectional area moment of inertia Ix-x with and withoutexternal ribs is greater than a ratio of cross-sectional area moment ofinertia the Iz-z with and without external ribs.

To further show this effect, for the driver embodiment of club head 102of FIG. 1A, the cross-section taken at 80% of the head breadthdimension, the ratio of the Ix-x with the external and internal ribscompared to the Ix-x without the ribs is 1.55:1, while the Iz-z with theexternal and internal ribs compared to the Iz-z without the ribs is1.28:1. This can have a significant impact on the overall stiffness ofthe structure. In other similar driver embodiments, this cross-sectionalinertia at a location of approximately 80% of the head breadth withrespect to the X-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1.3:1 to1.7:1, while the corresponding ratio of the cross-sectional inertia withrespect to the Z-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1.1:1 to1.4:1. The ratio of the cross-sectional inertia with respect to theX-axis divided by the corresponding cross-sectional area with andwithout the ribs may be 0.9:1 to 1.2:1, while the ratio of correspondingcross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis divided by thecross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 0.7:1 to 1:1. Theratio of cross-sectional area moment of inertia Ix-x with and withoutthe internal and external ribs is greater than a ratio ofcross-sectional area moment of inertia the Iz-z with and without theinternal and external ribs.

Another aspect of the rib structure for the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1Aand 35 is its impact on the overall sound and feel of the golf clubhead. The internal and external rib structures 402, 404, 430, 432, 434,480, and 482 in the club head 102 of the embodiment shown FIG. 1A cancreate a more rigid overall structure, which produces a higher pitchsound when the club head strikes a golf ball. For example, the ribstructure can enable the first natural frequency of the golf club headto increase from approximately 2200 Hz to over 3400 Hz, while limitingthe increase in weight to less than 10 grams. A golf club head having afirst natural frequency lower than 3000 Hz can create a sound that isnot pleasing to golfers.

Additionally, the rib structure of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and35 may create a stiffer a rear portion of the golf club head than theforward portion of the golf club head. The rib structure may enable thegolf club head to have a mode shape or Eigenvector of its first naturalfrequency to be located near the channel 140 away from crown of the golfclub as is typical of most modern golf club heads. Thus, the mode shapeof the club head's first natural frequency may be located on the solewithin a dimension of approximately 25% of the club head breadth whenmeasured in a direction parallel to the Y-axis 16 from the forward mostedge of the golf club head.

As illustrated in FIG. 24, the structural ribs discussed herein canaffect the stiffness or cross-sectional area moment of inertia of theclub head 102 which can in some embodiments affect the impactefficiency. The thickness of certain parts of the golf club can alsohave a similar effect. The thickened sole portion 125 can help toimprove the structural stiffness of the structure behind the channelregion. For example, for the fairway wood club head embodiment shown inFIG. 24, a cross-section of the club shown in FIG. 25D can be taken atapproximately 20% of the club head breadth dimension measured from theforward most edge of the golf club in a plane parallel to the planecreated by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectional area momentof inertia with respect to the X and Z axes can be an indicator of thegolf club head body's stiffness. The cross-sectional area moment ofinertia at the center of gravity of the cross-section can be estimated.For example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia with respect tothe X-axis Ix-x at the cross section can be approximately 56,000 mm⁴with thickness 125. Additionally, the cross-sectional area moment ofinertia with respect to the Z-axis, Iz-z, at the cross-section can beapproximately 197,000 mm⁴.

Alternatively the sole 118 behind the channel may have a combination ofa thickened section and ribs. For example, for the fairway wood clubhead embodiment shown in FIG. 36, a cross-section of the club shown inFIG. 37A can be taken at approximately one-third or 32% of the club headbreadth dimension measured from the forward most edge of the golf clubin a plane parallel to the plane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18.FIG. 37A shows a combination of both a thickened section 125 and ribs650 and 652. The cross-sectional area moment of inertia at the center ofgravity of the cross-section with respect to the X-axis Ix-x at thecross section can be approximately 54,300 mm⁴ with the thickened regionand ribs and approximately 53,500 mm⁴ without the thickened region andribs. Additionally, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia withrespect to the Z-axis, Iz-z, at the cross-section can be approximately216,650 mm⁴ with the thickened region and ribs and approximately 216,300mm⁴ without the thickened region and ribs.

The ratio of Ix-x with the internal ribs 650, 652 and thickened region125 compared to the Ix-x without the ribs and thickened region atapproximately 32% of the club head breadth dimension measured from theforward most edge of the golf club in a plane parallel to the planecreated by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18 can be 1.02:1 and the Iz-z withthe external ribs compared to the Iz-z without the ribs is 1.0:1. Theratios of the inertias relative to the cross-sectional areas are 1.0:1and 0.98:1 respectively. The ratio of the cross-sectional inertia withrespect to the X-axis divided by the corresponding cross-sectional areawith and without the ribs may be 1.0:1 to 1.1:1, while the ratio ofcorresponding cross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis dividedby the cross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 0.95:1 to1.05:1.

Additionally, for example, for the fairway wood club head embodimentshown in FIG. 24, a cross-section of the club shown in FIG. 25E can betaken at approximately 60% of the club head breadth dimension measuredfrom the forward most edge of the golf club in a plane parallel to theplane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectional areamoment of inertia with respect to the X and Z axes can be an indicatorof the golf club head body's stiffness. The cross-sectional area momentof inertia at the center of gravity of the cross-section can beestimated with and without ribs 402 and 404. For example, thecross-sectional area moment of inertia with respect to the X-axis Ix-xat the cross section can be approximately 18,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and404, and approximately 14,300 mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.Additionally, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia with respect tothe Z-axis, Iz-z, at the cross-section can be approximately 140,000 mm⁴with ribs 402 and 404, and approximately 132,000 mm⁴ without ribs 402and 404.

Similarly, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 24, a cross-section of theclub shown in FIG. 25F can be taken at approximately 80% of the clubhead breadth dimension from the forward most edge of the golf club in aplane parallel to the plane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. Thecross-sectional area moment of inertia at the center of gravity of thecross-section can be estimated with and without external ribs 402 and404. For example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia withrespect to the X-axis Ix-x at the cross section can be approximately6,750 mm⁴ with external ribs 402 and 404 and approximately 5,350 mm⁴without ribs 402 and 404. Additionally, the cross-sectional area momentof inertia with respect to the Z-axis Iz-z at the cross-section can beapproximately 70,400 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404 and approximately 65,700mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

In addition, for the fairway wood club head 102 of the embodiment shownin FIG. 36, a cross-section of the club shown in FIG. 37B can be takenat approximately 60% of the club head breadth dimension from the forwardmost edge of the golf club in a plane parallel to the plane created bythe X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectional area moment of inertiaat the center of gravity of the cross-section can be estimated with andwithout ribs 402 and 404. For example, the cross-sectional area momentof inertia with respect to the X-axis, Ix-x, at the cross section can beapproximately 21,600 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404 and approximately 19,300mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404. Additionally, the cross-sectional areamoment of inertia with respect to the Z-axis, Iz-z, at the cross-sectioncan be approximately 146,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404 and approximately142,000 mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

Likewise, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 36, a cross-section of theclub shown in FIG. 37C can be taken at approximately 80% of the clubhead breadth dimension from the forward most edge of the golf club in aplane parallel to the plane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. Thecross-sectional area moment of inertia at the center of gravity of thecross-section can be estimated with and without external ribs 402 and404. For example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia withrespect to the X-axis Ix-x at the cross section can be approximately8,100 mm⁴ with external ribs 402 and 404 and approximately 7,100 mm⁴without ribs 402 and 404. Additionally, the cross-sectional area momentof inertia with respect to the Z-axis Iz-z at the cross-section can beapproximately 71,500 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404, and approximately 69,000mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

Further looking at the ratios for the fairway wood embodiment of clubhead 102 of FIGS. 21-26D, for a cross-section taken at a locationapproximately 60% of the head breadth dimension, the ratio of Ix-x withthe external ribs compared to the Ix-x without the ribs is 1.26:1 andthe Iz-z with the external ribs compared to the Iz-z without the ribs is1.06:1. The ratio of the cross-sectional inertias with respect to the xand z axes divided by its corresponding cross-sectional area, A, are1.09:1 and 0.92:1 respectively. For the fairway wood embodiment clubhead 102 of FIGS. 36-37F, for a cross-section taken at 60% of the headbreadth dimension, the ratio of Ix-x with the external ribs compared tothe Ix-x without the ribs to be 1.12:1 and the Iz-z with the externalribs compared to the Iz-z without the ribs is 1.03:1. Additionally, theratios of the cross-sectional inertias with respect to the x and z axesdivided by its corresponding cross-sectional areas are 1.02:1 and 0.94:1respectively. In other similar fairway wood embodiments, thecross-sectional inertia ratio at a location of approximately 60% of thehead breadth dimension with respect to the X-axis with and without theribs ratio may be 1.05:1 to 1.35:1, while the corresponding ratio of thecross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis with and without theribs ratio may be 1.0:1 to 1.3:1. The ratio of the cross-sectionalinertia with respect to the X-axis divided by the correspondingcross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 1.0:1 to 1.2:1,while the ratio of corresponding cross-sectional inertia with respect tothe Z-axis divided by the cross-sectional area with and without the ribsmay be 0.8:1 to 1:1.

For the fairway wood embodiment of club head 102 of FIG. 21-26D, thecross-section taken at 80% of the head breadth dimension, the ratio ofIx-x with the external ribs compared to the Ix-x without the ribs is1.26:1 and the Iz-z with the external ribs compared to the Iz-z withoutthe ribs is 1.06:1. The ratios of the inertias relative to thecross-sectional areas are 1.10:1 and 0.93:1 respectively. Similarly foranother fairway wood embodiment of club head 102 of FIGS. 36-37F, theratio of Ix-x with the external ribs compared to the Ix-x without theribs to be 1.14:1 and the Iz-z with the external ribs compared to theIz-z without the ribs is 1.04:1. The ratios of the inertias relative tothe cross-sectional areas are 1.02:1 and 0.93:1 respectively. In othersimilar fairway wood embodiments, the cross-sectional inertia ratio at alocation of approximately 80% of the head breadth dimension with respectto the X-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1.05:1 to 1.35:1,while the corresponding ratio of the cross-sectional inertia withrespect to the Z-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1.0:1 to1.3:1. The ratio of the cross-sectional inertia with respect to theX-axis divided by the corresponding cross-sectional area with andwithout the ribs may be 1.0:1 to 1.2:1, while the ratio of correspondingcross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis divided by thecross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 0.85:1 to 1.05:1.

As discussed above, the structural ribs discussed herein can affect thestiffness or cross-sectional area moment of inertia of the club head 102which can in some embodiments affect the impact efficiency. Thethickness of certain parts of the golf club can also have a similareffect. For example, as shown in FIGS. 31A-31C the sole of the golf clubcan be thicker behind the channel which can increase stiffness orcross-sectional area moment of inertia of the striking head 102. Forexample, for the hybrid golf club head embodiment shown in FIG. 27 canbe taken approximately 20 mm behind the striking face in a planeparallel to the plane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. Thethickened sole portion 125 can help to improve the structural stiffnessof the structure behind the channel region. The cross-sectional areamoment of inertia can be estimated with and without the thickened soleportion. The cross-sectional area moment of inertia can be estimatedwith and without the thickened sole portion. For example, thecross-sectional area moment of inertia with respect to the X-axis(parallel to the ground plane), Ix-x, at the cross section can beapproximately 175,000 mm⁴ with the thickened sole portion andapproximately 132,000 mm⁴ without the thickened sole portion.Additionally, for example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia inthe Z-axis (perpendicular to the ground plane), Iz-z, at thecross-section can be approximately 742,000 mm⁴ with the thickened soleportion and approximately 689,000 mm⁴ without the thickened soleportion.

For club head 102 of a hybrid golf club head embodiment shown in FIG.27, a cross-section of the club shown in FIG. 31D can be taken atapproximately 35% of the head breadth dimension from the forward mostedge of the golf club head in a plane parallel to the plane created bythe X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectional area moment of inertiawith respect to the X-axis (parallel to the ground plane), Ix-x, at thecross section can be approximately 60,800 mm⁴ and the cross-sectionalarea moment of inertia in the Z-axis (perpendicular to the groundplane), Iz-z, at the cross-section can be approximately 347,500 mm⁴ withthe thickened sole portion.

As an alternative embodiment for club head 102 of a hybrid golf clubhead embodiment shown in FIG. 38, a cross-section of the club shown inFIG. 39A can be taken at approximately 40% of the head breadth dimensionfrom the forward most edge of the golf club head in a plane parallel tothe plane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectionalarea moment of inertia with respect to the X-axis (parallel to theground plane), Ix-x, at the cross section can be approximately 49,600mm⁴ with the thickened sole portion and approximately 33,400 mm⁴ withoutthe thickened sole portion. Additionally, for example, thecross-sectional area moment of inertia in the Z-axis (perpendicular tothe ground plane), Iz-z, at the cross-section can be approximately272,500 mm⁴ with the thickened sole portion and approximately 191,000mm⁴ without the thickened sole portion.

Furthermore, the hybrid club head 102 of the embodiment shown in FIG.30, a cross-section of the club can be taken at approximately 60% of theclub head breadth dimension from the forward most edge of the golf clubshown in FIG. 31E in a plane parallel to the plane created by the X-axis14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectional area moment of inertia at thecenter of gravity of the cross-section can be estimated with and withoutribs 402 and 404. For example, the cross-sectional area moment ofinertia with respect to the X-axis Ix-x at the cross section can beapproximately 28,600 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404 and approximately 27,600mm⁴ without ribs. Additionally, the cross-sectional area moment ofinertia with respect to the Z-axis, Iz-z, at the cross-section can beapproximately 251,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404, and approximately248,000 mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

Also, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 30, a cross-section of the clubshown in FIG. 31F, in the plane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18,can be taken at approximately 80% of the club head breadth dimensionfrom the forward most edge of the golf club. The cross-sectional areamoment of inertia at the center of gravity of the cross-section can beestimated with and without external ribs 402 and 404. For example, thecross-sectional area moment of inertia with respect to the X-axis Ix-xat the cross section can be approximately 8,000 mm⁴ with external ribs402 and 404 and approximately 7,000 mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.Additionally, for example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertiawith respect to the Z-axis Iz-z at the cross-section can beapproximately 78,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404, and approximately 75,500mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

In addition, for the hybrid club head embodiment shown in FIG. 38, across-section of the club shown in FIG. 39B can be taken atapproximately 60% of the club head breadth dimension from the forwardmost edge of the golf club in a plane parallel to the plane created bythe X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. The cross-sectional area moment of inertiaat the center of gravity of the cross-section can be estimated with andwithout ribs 402 and 404. For example, the cross-sectional area momentof inertia with respect to the X-axis Ix-x at the cross section can beapproximately 26,500 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404 and approximately 25,800mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404. Additionally, the cross-sectional areamoment of inertia with respect to the Z-axis Iz-z at the cross-sectioncan be approximately 224,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404, andapproximately 221,000 mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

Furthermore, for the embodiment shown in FIG. 38, a cross-section of theclub shown in FIG. 39C can be taken at approximately 80% of the clubhead breadth dimension from the forward most edge of the golf club in aplane parallel to the plane created by the X-axis 14 and Z-axis 18. Thecross-sectional area moment of inertia at the center of gravity of thecross-section can be estimated with and without external ribs 402 and404. For example, the cross-sectional area moment of inertia withrespect to the X-axis, Ix-x, at the cross section can be approximately7,900 mm⁴ with external ribs 402, 404, and approximately 7,200 mm⁴without ribs 402 and 404. Additionally, the cross-sectional area momentof inertia with respect to the Z-axis Iz-z at the cross-section can beapproximately 101,000 mm⁴ with ribs 402 and 404, and approximately97,300 mm⁴ without ribs 402 and 404.

For the hybrid embodiments of FIGS. 27-33, section taken at 60% of thehead breadth, the ratio of Ix-x with the external ribs compared to theIx-x without the ribs to be 1.04:1 and the Iz-z with the external ribscompared to the Iz-z without the ribs is 1.01:1. Additionally, theratios of the inertias relative to the cross-sectional areas are 1.00:1and 0.97:1 respectively. For the hybrid embodiments of FIGS. 38-39C,section taken at 60% of the head breadth, the ratio of Ix-x with theexternal ribs compared to the Ix-x without the ribs to be 1.03:1 and theIz-z with the external ribs compared to the Iz-z without the ribs is1.01:1. Additionally, the ratios of the inertias relative to thecross-sectional areas are 0.99:1 and 0.98:1 respectively. In otherhybrid embodiments, the cross-sectional inertia ratio at a location ofapproximately 60% of the head breadth dimension with respect to theX-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1:1 to 1.25:1, while thecorresponding ratio of the cross-sectional inertia with respect to theZ-axis with and without the ribs ratio may be 1:1 to 1.2:1. The ratio ofthe cross-sectional inertia with respect to the X-axis divided by thecorresponding cross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 1:1to 1.2:1, while the ratio of corresponding cross-sectional inertia withrespect to the Z-axis divided by the cross-sectional area with andwithout the ribs may be 0.8:1 to 1:1.

For an embodiment of the hybrid embodiment of golf club 102 shown inFIGS. 27-33, for a cross-section taken at 80% of the head breadthdimension, the ratio of Ix-x with the external ribs compared to the Ix-xwithout the ribs is 1.14:1 and the Iz-z with the external ribs comparedto the Iz-z without the ribs is 1.03:1. The ratios of the inertiasrelative to the cross-sectional areas are 1.05:1 and 0.94:1respectively. For the hybrid embodiments of FIGS. 38-39C, section takenat 80% of the head breadth dimension, the ratio of Ix-x with theexternal ribs compared to the Ix-x without the ribs is 1.10:1 and theIz-z with the external ribs compared to the Iz-z without the ribs is1.04:1. The ratios of the inertias relative to the cross-sectional areasare 0.97:1 and 0.94:1 respectively. In other hybrid embodiments, thecross-sectional inertia ratio at a location of approximately 80% of thehead breadth dimension with respect to the X-axis with and without theribs ratio may be 1:1 to 1.25:1, while the corresponding ratio of thecross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis with and without theribs ratio may be 1:1 to 1.2:1. The ratio of the cross-sectional inertiawith respect to the X-axis divided by the corresponding cross-sectionalarea with and without the ribs may be 1:1 to 1.2:1, while the ratio ofcorresponding cross-sectional inertia with respect to the Z-axis dividedby the cross-sectional area with and without the ribs may be 0.8:1 to1:1.

The various structural dimensions, relationships, ratios, etc.,described herein for various components of the club heads 102 in FIGS.1-39C may be at least partially related to the materials of the clubheads 102 and the properties of such materials, such as tensilestrength, ductility, toughness, etc., in some embodiments. Accordingly,it is noted that the heads 102 in FIGS. 1-13, 14-20, and 34A-35 may bemanufactured having some or all of the structural properties describedherein, with a face 112 made from a Ti-6A1-4V alloy with a yieldstrength of approximately 1000 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength ofapproximately 1055 MPa, and an elastic modulus, E, of approximately 114GPa and a density of 4.43 g/cc. and a body 108 made from a Ti-8A1-1Mo-1Valloy with a yield strength of approximately 760 MPa, an ultimatetensile strength of approximately 820 MPa, and an elastic modulus, E, ofapproximately 121 GPa and a density of 4.37 g/cc. Alternatively, theface could be made from a higher strength titanium alloy such asTi-15V-3A1-3Cr-3Sn and Ti-20V-4V-1A1 which can exhibit a higher yieldstrength and ultimate tensile strength while having a lower modulus ofelasticity than Ti-6A1-4V alloy of approximately 100 GPa. Additionally,the face could be made from a higher strength titanium alloy, such asSP700, (Ti-4.5A1-3V-2Fe-2Mo) which can have a higher yield strength andultimate tensile strength while having a similar modulus of elasticityof 115 GPa. It is also noted that the heads 102 in FIGS. 21-26D, 27-33,and 36-39C may be manufactured having some or all of the structuralproperties described herein, with a face 112 and a body 108 both madefrom 17-4PH stainless steel having an elastic modulus, E, ofapproximately 197 GPa, with the face 112 being heat treated to achieve ayield strength of approximately 1200 MPa and the body 108 being heattreated to achieve a yield strength of approximately 1140 MPa. In otherembodiments, part or all of each head 102 may be made from differentmaterials, and it is understood that changes in structure of the head102 may be made to complement a change in materials and vice/versa.

The specific embodiments of drivers, fairway woods, and hybrid clubheads in the following tables utilize the materials described in thisparagraph, and it is understood that these embodiments are examples, andthat other structural embodiments may exist, including those describedherein. Table 1 provides a summary of data as described above for clubhead channel dimensional relationships for the driver illustrated inFIGS. 1-13 and corresponding fairway and hybrids. Table 2 provides asummary of data as described above for club head channel dimensionalrelationships for the driver illustrated in FIGS. 14-20 andcorresponding fairway and hybrids. Table 3A provides a summary of dataas described above for the stiffness/cross-sectional moment of inertiafor the driver illustrated in FIGS. 1-13. Table 3B provides a summary ofdata as described above for the stiffness/cross-sectional moment ofinertia for the fairway woods illustrated in FIGS. 21-26D and 36-37F.Table 3C provides a summary of data as described above for thestiffness/cross-sectional moment of inertia for the hybrid club headsillustrated in FIGS. 27-3 and 38-39C.

TABLE 1 Club Head Channel Dimensional Relationships for Driver#1/Fairway Wood/Hybrid Fairway Driver Woods Hybrids Club HeadCharacteristic/Parameters FIGS. 1-13 (config. 1) (config. 1) Face HeightHeight 50-72 mm 28-40 mm 28-40 mm (59.9 mm) (35-37 mm) (34-35 mm)Channel Width (Center) 8.5-9.5 mm 8.5-9.5 mm 7.5-8.5 mm (9.0 mm) (9.0mm) (8.0 mm) Depth (Center) 2.0-3.0 mm 8.5-9.5 mm 7.5-8.5 mm (2.5 mm)(9.0 mm) (8.0 mm) Channel Rearward Spacing 8.5 mm 7.0 mm 8.0 mm ChannelWall Thickness Center 1.0-1.2 mm 1.5-1.7 mm 1.5-1.7 mm (1.1 mm) (1.6 mm)(1.6 mm) Heel 0.6-0.8 mm 0.85-1.05 mm 0.9-1.1 mm (0.7 mm) (0.95 mm) (1.0mm) Toe 0.6-0.8 mm 0.85-1.05 mm 0.9-1.1 mm (0.7 mm) (0.95 mm) (1.0 mm)Ratios(expressed as X:1) Face Width:Channel Length 2.5-3.5 1.5-2.51.5-2.5 Channel Width (Center):Channel Wall  8-10   5-6.5 4.5-5.5Thickness Channel Width (Center):Channel Depth 3.5-4.5 0.8-1.2 0.8-1.2(Center) Channel Depth (Center):Channel Wall   2-2.5   5-6.5 4.5-5.5Thickness Channel Length:Channel Width (Center) 3-4   4-4.5 4.5-5   FaceHeight:Channel Width (Center)   6-7.5 3.5-5   3.5-4.5 FaceHeight:Channel Depth (Center) 23-25 3.5-5   3.5-4.5 Face Height:ChannelWall Thickness 52-57 20-25 20-25 Channel Spacing Ratios (expressed asX:1) Face Height:Channel Spacing 12-13 4.5-5.5 3.5-4.5 ChannelSpacing:Channel Width (Center) 0.5-1.0 0.6-0.9 0.8-1.2 ChannelSpacing:Channel Depth (Center) 1.5-2.5 0.6-0.9 0.8-1.2 ChannelSpacing:Wall Thickness 3.5-4.0 4.0-4.5 4.75-5.25

TABLE 2 Club Head Channel Dimensional Relationships for Driver#2/Fairway Wood/Hybrid Driver Fairway FIGS. Woods Hybrids Club HeadCharacteristic/Parameters 14-20 (config. 2) (config. 2) Face (F) Height45-65 mm 28-40 mm 28-40 mm (55.5 mm) (35-37 mm) (34-35 mm) Channel Width(Center) 8.5-9.5 mm 8.5-9.5 mm 7.5-8.5 mm (9.0 mm) (9.0 mm) (8.0 mm)Depth (Center) 2.0-3.0 mm 8.5-9.5 mm 7.5-8.5 mm (2.5 mm) (9.0 mm) (8.0mm) Channel Rearward Spacing 7.0 mm 9.0 mm 6.0 mm Channel Wall ThicknessCenter 1.1-1.3 mm 1.5-1.7 mm 1.5-1.7 mm (1.2 mm) (1.6 mm) (1.6 mm) Heel0.6-0.8 mm 0.85-1.05 mm 0.9-1.1 mm (0.7 mm) (0.95 mm) (1.0 mm) Toe0.6-0.8 mm 0.85-1.05 mm 0.9-1.1 mm (0.7 mm) (0.95 mm) (1.0 mm) RatiosFace Width:Channel LE Length 2.5-3.5 1.5-2.5 1.5-2.5 Channel Width(Center):Channel Wall 7.5-9.5   5-6.5 4.5-5.5 Thickness Channel Width(Center):Channel Depth 3.5-4.5 0.8-1.2 0.8-1.2 (Center) Channel Depth(Center):Channel Wall 1.5-2.5   5-6.5 4.5-5.5 Thickness ChannelLength:Channel Width (Center) 3-4   4-4.5 4.5-5   Face Height:ChannelWidth (Center) 5.5-6.5 3.5-5   3.5-4.5 Face Height:Channel Depth(Center) 20-25 3.5-5   3.5-4.5 Face Height:Channel Wall Thickness 41-5120-25 20-25 Channel Spacing Ratios Face Height:Channel Spacing 12-133.5-4.5 5.0-6.0 Channel Spacing:Channel Width (Center) 0.5-1.0 0.85-1.150.5-0.9 Channel Spacing:Channel Depth (Center) 1.5-2.5 0.85-1.15 0.5-0.9Channel Spacing:Wall Thickness 3.5-4.0 5.5-6.0 3.5-4.0

TABLE 3A Stiffness/Cross-Sectional Moment of Inertia for Driver #1(FIGS. 1-13) Without Without With Ribs Ribs With Ribs rib 60% of 60% of80% of 80% of Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Driver of FIGS. 1-13 Ix-x(mm⁴) 61,800 44,500 26,600 17,200 Iz-z (mm⁴) 267,000 243,000 156,000122,000 Area (mm²) 245 196 237 155 Ix-x/A (mm²) 252 227 112 111 Iz-z/A(mm²) 1,090 1,240 658 787 Ratios (expressed as X:1) (With Ribs/WithoutRibs) Ix-x 1.2-1.5 1.3-1.7 Iz-z 1.0-1.3 1.1-1.4 Ix-x/A 1.0-1.2 0.9-1.2Iz-z/A 0.8-1.0 0.7-1.0

TABLE 3B Stiffness/Cross-Sectional Moment of Inertia for Fairway WoodsWithout Without With Ribs Ribs With Ribs rib 60% of 60% of 80% of 80% ofBreadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Fairway Wood of FIGS. 21-26D Ix-x (mm⁴)18,000 14,300 6,750 5,350 Iz-z (mm⁴) 140,000 132,000 70,400 65,700 Area(mm²) 194 168 151 131 Ix-x/A (mm²) 93 85 45 41 Iz-z/A (mm²) 722 786 466501 Fairway Wood of FIGS. 36-37F Ix-x (mm⁴) 21,600 19,300 8,100 7,100Iz-z (mm⁴) 146,000 142,000 71,500 69,000 Area (mm²) 216 197 165 148Ix-x/A (mm²) 100 98 49 48 Iz-z/A (mm²) 675 720 435 468 Ratios(expressedas X:1) (With Ribs/Without Ribs) Ix-x 1.05-1.35 1.05-1.35 Iz-z 1.0-1.31.0-1.3 Ix-x/A 1.0-1.2 1.0-1.2 Iz-z/A 0.8-1.0 0.85-1.05

TABLE 3C Stiffness/Cross-Sectional Moment of Inertia for Hybrids WithoutWithout With Ribs Ribs With Ribs rib 60% of 60% of 80% of 80% of BreadthBreadth Breadth Breadth Hybrid Club Head of FIGS. 27-33 Ix-x (mm⁴)28,600 27,600 8,000 7,000 Iz-z (mm⁴) 251,000 248,000 78,000 75,500 Area(mm²) 362 349 174 159 Ix-x/A (mm²) 79 79 46 44 Iz-z/A (mm²) 692 710 447475 Hybrid Club Head of FIGS. 38-39C Ix-x (mm⁴) 26,500 25,800 7,9007,200 Iz-z (mm⁴) 224,000 221,000 101,000 97,300 Area (mm²) 373 360 235214 Ix-x/A (mm²) 71 72 34 34 Iz-z/A (mm²) 601 613 428 455 Ratios(expressed as X:1) (With Ribs/Without Ribs) Ix-x  1.0-1.25  1.0-1.25Iz-z 1.0-1.2 1.0-1.2 Ix-x/A 1.0-1.2 1.0-1.2 Iz-z/A 0.8-1.0 0.8-1.0

It is understood that one or more different features of any of theembodiments described herein can be combined with one or more differentfeatures of a different embodiment described herein, in any desiredcombination. It is also understood that further benefits may berecognized as a result of such combinations.

Golf club heads 102 incorporating the body structures disclosed herein,e.g., channels, voids, ribs, etc., may be used as a ball striking deviceor a part thereof. For example, a golf club 100 as shown in FIG. 1 maybe manufactured by attaching a shaft or handle 104 to a head that isprovided, such as the heads 102, et seq., as described above.“Providing” the head, as used herein, refers broadly to making anarticle available or accessible for future actions to be performed onthe article, and does not connote that the party providing the articlehas manufactured, produced, or supplied the article or that the partyproviding the article has ownership or control of the article.Additionally, a set of golf clubs including one or more clubs 100 havingheads 102 as described above may be provided. For example, a set of golfclubs may include one or more drivers, one or more fairway wood clubs,and/or one or more hybrid clubs having features as described herein. Inother embodiments, different types of ball striking devices can bemanufactured according to the principles described herein. Additionally,the head 102, golf club 100, or other ball striking device may be fittedor customized for a person, such as by attaching a shaft 104 theretohaving a particular length, flexibility, etc., or by adjusting orinterchanging an already attached shaft 104 as described above.

The ball striking devices and heads therefor having channels asdescribed herein provide many benefits and advantages over existingproducts. For example, the flexing of the sole 118 at the channel 140results in a smaller degree of deformation of the ball, which in turncan result in greater impact efficiency and greater ball speed atimpact. As another example, the more gradual impact created by theflexing can result in greater energy and velocity transfer to the ballduring impact. Still further, because the channel 140 extends toward theheel and toe edges 113 of the face 112, the head 102 can achieveincreased ball speed on impacts that are away from the center ortraditional “sweet spot” of the face 112. The greater flexibility of thechannels 140 near the heel 120 and toe 122 achieves a more flexibleimpact response at those areas, which offsets the reduced flexibilitydue to decreased face height at those areas, further improving ballspeed at impacts that are away from the center of the face 112. As anadditional example, the features described herein may result in improvedfeel of the golf club 100 for the golfer, when striking the ball.Additionally, the configuration of the channel 140 may work inconjunction with other features (e.g. the ribs 185, 400, 402, 430, 432,434, 480, 482, 550, 552, 600, 650, 652, the access 128, etc.) toinfluence the overall flexibility and response of the channel 140, aswell as the effect the channel 140 has on the response of the face 112.Further benefits and advantages are recognized by those skilled in theart.

The ball striking devices and heads therefore having a void structure asdescribed herein also provide many benefits and advantages over existingproducts. The configuration of the void 160 provides the ability todistribute weight more towards the heel 120 and toe 122. This canincrease the moment of inertia (MOI) approximately a vertical axisthrough the CG of the club head (MOIz-z). Additionally, certainconfigurations of the void can move the CG of the club head forward,which can reduce the degree and/or variation of spin on impacts on theface 112. The structures of the legs 164, 165, the cover 161, and thevoid 160 may also improve the sound characteristics of the head 102. Itis further understood that fixed or removable weight members can beinternally supported by the club head structure, e.g., in the legs 164,165, in the interface area 168, within the void 160, etc.

Additional structures such as the internal and external ribs 185, 400,402, 430, 432, 434, 480, 482, 550, 552, 600, 650, 652 as describedherein also provide many benefits and advantages over existing products.For example, the configuration of the internal and external ribs providefor the desired amount of rigidity and flexing of the body. Theresulting club head provides enhanced performance and soundcharacteristics.

The benefits of the channel, the void, and other body structuresdescribed herein can be combined together to achieve additionalperformance enhancement. Further benefits and advantages are recognizedby those skilled in the art.

While the invention has been described with respect to specific examplesincluding presently preferred modes of carrying out the invention, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variationsand permutations of the above described systems and methods. Thus, thespirit and scope of the invention should be construed broadly as setforth in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A golf club head comprising: a face having astriking surface configured for striking a ball; a body connected to theface and extending rearwardly from the face, the body having a crown, asole, a heel, and a toe; a channel is recessed from the adjacentsurfaces of the sole; and at least one external rib positioned withinthe void, wherein the body and the face combine to define an internalcavity, and wherein a ratio of cross-sectional area moment of inertiaIx-x with and without the at least one external rib is greater than aratio of cross-sectional area moment of inertia Iz-z with and withoutthe at least one external rib when measured at a location defined by adistance from a forward most edge of the golf club head measuring 60percent of a breadth dimension.
 2. The golf club head of claim 1,wherein the golf club head has a volume between 400 and 470 cc.
 3. Thegolf club head of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the cross-sectionalmoment of inertia Ix-x with and without the at least one external rib isbetween 1.2 and 1.5.
 4. The golf club head of claim 3, wherein the ratioof the cross-sectional moment of inertia Iz-z with and without the atleast one external rib is between 1.0 to 1.3.
 5. The golf club head ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one external rib comprises a pair ofexternal ribs.
 6. The golf club head of claim 2, wherein the body ismade substantially from a titanium alloy.
 7. The golf club head of claim1, wherein the golf club head has a volume between 120 cc and 250 cc. 8.The golf club head of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the cross-sectionalmoment of inertia Ix-x with and without the at least one external rib isbetween 1.05 and 1.35.
 9. The golf club head of claim 3, wherein theratio of the cross-sectional moment of inertia Iz-z with and without theat least one external rib is between 1.0 to 1.3.
 10. A golf club headcomprising: a face having a striking surface configured for striking aball; a body connected to the face and extending rearwardly from theface, the body having a crown, a sole, a heel, and a toe; and a channelrecessed from the adjacent surfaces of the sole, and at least oneexternal rib positioned within the void, wherein the body and the facecombine to define an internal cavity, wherein the at least one internalrib is connected to an internal portion of the body and extending intothe internal cavity, and wherein a ratio of cross-sectional area momentof inertia Ix-x with and without both the at least one internal rib andthe at least one external rib is greater than a ratio of cross-sectionalarea moment of inertia Iz-z with and without both the at least oneinternal rib and the at least one external rib when measured at alocation defined by a distance from a forward most edge of the golf clubhead measuring 80 percent of a breadth dimension.
 11. The golf club headof claim 10, wherein the golf club head has a volume between 400 cc and470 cc.
 12. The golf club head of claim 10, wherein the ratio of thecross-sectional moment of inertia Ix-x with and without both the atleast one internal rib and the at least one external rib is between 1.3and 1.7.
 13. The golf club head of claim 12, wherein the ratio of thecross-sectional moment of inertia Iz-z with and without both the atleast one internal rib and the at least one external rib is between 1.1to 1.4.
 14. The golf club head of claim 10, wherein the at least oneexternal rib comprises a pair of external ribs.
 15. The golf club headof claim 10, wherein the at least one internal rib comprises at leastthree internal ribs.
 16. The golf club head of claim 10, wherein thebody is made substantially from a titanium alloy.
 17. A golf club headcomprising: a face having a striking surface configured for striking aball; a body connected to the face and extending rearwardly from theface, the body having a crown, a sole, a heel, and a toe; and a channelrecessed from the adjacent surfaces of the sole and at least oneexternal rib positioned within the void, wherein the body and the facecombine to define an internal cavity, and wherein a ratio ofcross-sectional area moment of inertia Ix-x with and without the atleast one external rib is greater than a ratio of cross-sectional areamoment of inertia Iz-z with and without the at least one external ribwhen measured at a location defined by a distance from a forward mostedge of the golf club head measuring 80 percent of a breadth dimension.18. The golf club head of claim 17, wherein the golf club head has avolume between 120 cc and 250 cc.
 19. The golf club head of claim 17,wherein the ratio of the cross-sectional moment of inertia Ix-x with andwithout the at least one external rib is between 1.05 and 1.35.
 20. Thegolf club head of claim 19, wherein the ratio of the cross-sectionalmoment of inertia Iz-z with and without the at least one external rib isbetween 1.0 to 1.3.